Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the tarsal plate?
What is the primary function of the tarsal plate?
Distichiasis refers to normal hair growth on the edge of the eyelid.
Distichiasis refers to normal hair growth on the edge of the eyelid.
False
What are the two types of musculature in the iris?
What are the two types of musculature in the iris?
Constrictor muscle and dilator muscle
The fluid produced by the ciliary body is known as ______.
The fluid produced by the ciliary body is known as ______.
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Match the ocular conditions with their descriptions:
Match the ocular conditions with their descriptions:
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Which procedure is NOT typically used for treating distichiasis?
Which procedure is NOT typically used for treating distichiasis?
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The vitreous humor has a high rate of turnover.
The vitreous humor has a high rate of turnover.
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What is the primary characteristic of conjunctivitis?
What is the primary characteristic of conjunctivitis?
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The ______ technique is used to address cherry eye by burying the gland.
The ______ technique is used to address cherry eye by burying the gland.
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Which of the following is NOT a level of consciousness?
Which of the following is NOT a level of consciousness?
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Decerebrate rigidity involves the extension of all limbs.
Decerebrate rigidity involves the extension of all limbs.
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What is the primary reflex assessed through the patellar reflex?
What is the primary reflex assessed through the patellar reflex?
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The term used to describe paralysis affecting all four limbs is called __________.
The term used to describe paralysis affecting all four limbs is called __________.
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Match the cranial reflexes to their associated cranial nerves:
Match the cranial reflexes to their associated cranial nerves:
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Which term describes the failure to generate movement?
Which term describes the failure to generate movement?
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What is the average gestation period for Ancestors?
What is the average gestation period for Ancestors?
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Reddened and enlarged teats are not a clinical sign of pregnancy.
Reddened and enlarged teats are not a clinical sign of pregnancy.
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What is the concentration of plasma relaxin that indicates less than 2% spontaneous parturition within 12 hours?
What is the concentration of plasma relaxin that indicates less than 2% spontaneous parturition within 12 hours?
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Inadequate birthing canal is a __________ factor related to dystocia.
Inadequate birthing canal is a __________ factor related to dystocia.
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Match the following clinical signs with their description:
Match the following clinical signs with their description:
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Which of the following is a reason for surgical intervention in cases of dystocia?
Which of the following is a reason for surgical intervention in cases of dystocia?
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What is the preferred positioning technique for imaging the thorax?
What is the preferred positioning technique for imaging the thorax?
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Pseudopregnancy can resolve without any intervention.
Pseudopregnancy can resolve without any intervention.
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In dogs, the normal width of the heart in DV view should be 1/2 the width of the thorax.
In dogs, the normal width of the heart in DV view should be 1/2 the width of the thorax.
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Which of the following is a clinical sign of a fluid deficit greater than 5%?
Which of the following is a clinical sign of a fluid deficit greater than 5%?
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What should be aligned to the midline during centering/collimation for thoracic imaging?
What should be aligned to the midline during centering/collimation for thoracic imaging?
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What is the primary use of transabdominal ultrasound in reproductive health?
What is the primary use of transabdominal ultrasound in reproductive health?
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Veins in the thorax are considered to be _____ and _____ in position.
Veins in the thorax are considered to be _____ and _____ in position.
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A patient who is stuporous is considered conscious.
A patient who is stuporous is considered conscious.
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An increase in __________ is associated with pseudopregnancy.
An increase in __________ is associated with pseudopregnancy.
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What is the normal height of the heart in lateral view for dogs?
What is the normal height of the heart in lateral view for dogs?
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Which ovarian diseases are mentioned?
Which ovarian diseases are mentioned?
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What is the formula for Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)?
What is the formula for Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)?
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The purpose of the RECOVER guidelines is for __________ care.
The purpose of the RECOVER guidelines is for __________ care.
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Match the following imaging modalities to their correct description:
Match the following imaging modalities to their correct description:
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Match the following fluid types with their characteristics:
Match the following fluid types with their characteristics:
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The main aim for exposure in thoracic imaging is to capture the heart at rest.
The main aim for exposure in thoracic imaging is to capture the heart at rest.
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What is a key component of basic life support according to RECOVER guidelines?
What is a key component of basic life support according to RECOVER guidelines?
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List one normal heart measurement for cats.
List one normal heart measurement for cats.
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In lateral view for dogs, the normal width of the heart is _____ to _____ intercostals.
In lateral view for dogs, the normal width of the heart is _____ to _____ intercostals.
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Lidocaine is used during advanced life support for its analgesic properties.
Lidocaine is used during advanced life support for its analgesic properties.
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Which of the following assessments is NOT included in normal heart evaluation?
Which of the following assessments is NOT included in normal heart evaluation?
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What is the acceptable rectal temperature indicating sepsis?
What is the acceptable rectal temperature indicating sepsis?
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Inadequate potassium for long-term use is a characteristic of __________.
Inadequate potassium for long-term use is a characteristic of __________.
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Which of the following is an effect of hypertonic saline?
Which of the following is an effect of hypertonic saline?
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Study Notes
Ophthalmology Overview
- Tarsal plate stiffens eyelid margins and houses tarsal/meibomian glands, making it ideal for suture retention.
- Distichiasis involves abnormal hair growth along the eyelid edges, with plucking leading to regrowth. Treatment options include electrolysis and cryo-tarso conjunctival resection.
- Entropion is the inward rolling of eyelid margins, potentially aiding vision in nocturnal animals by reflecting light.
- Aqueous humor is continuously produced by the ciliary body, ensuring constant drainage and a watery consistency.
- The vitreous body is a gel-like substance in the eye with no turnover.
- Iris musculature comprises the circular constrictor muscle (parasympathetic control) and radial dilator muscle (sympathetic control).
- Non-lathering povidone-iodine is recommended for ocular disinfection.
- Squamous cell carcinoma is an uncommon lid tumor found in cats, usually presenting as nodular or erosive lesions.
- Cherry eye results from prolapsed nictitating gland, frequently seen in English bulldogs, treated using techniques that preserve gland function.
- Conjunctivitis can present as diffuse reddening with mucopurulent discharge, often associated with chronic dry eye.
Reproductive Physiology
Estrous Cycle
- Pro-oestrus lasts approximately 10 days, followed by a 10-day oestrus phase, a 2-month luteal phase, and concludes with a 4.5-month anoestrus.
Clinical Signs of Estrous
- Signs include reddened/enlarged teats, elevated heart rate, increased appetite, weight gain, and perineal tissue relaxation.
Gestation and Dystocia
- Average gestation length is around 64 days, with dystocia factors categorized as maternal (inadequate expulsion or birthing canal) and fetal (presentation or size issues).
- Plasma relaxin can be detected from day 25, and abdominal palpation showing changes begins around day 21.
Emergency and Critical Care
Triage Principles
- Initial assessment focuses on urgency of treatment based on patient status.
Respiratory Assessment
- Evaluating the airway includes assessing rate, effort, pattern, and mucous membrane color, often aided by a pulse oximeter.
Fluid Therapy
- Signs of fluid deficit vary from none (<5%) to severe (>12% leading to collapse).
- Fluids must be matched to the type of loss and patient needs.
CPR Protocol
- RECOVER guidelines outline essential steps: prevention, basic life support, advanced life support, monitoring, and post-arrest care.
Cardiorespiratory Assessment
Imaging Techniques
- Modalities include radiography, ultrasonography, and CT scanning.
Heart Size Indicators (Dog and Cat)
- Normal heart width in dogs is designed to be 2/3 the width of the thorax in DV view and 2.5-3.5 intercostals in lateral view. Cats may present differently.
Neurology Assessment
Level of Consciousness
- Ranges from normal to comatose, including variations such as dullness or stupor.
Posture and Gait Assessment
- Assess for head tilt, body turn, and various types of gait changes (cerebellar, vestibular, etc.).
Reflex Integrity
- Withdrawal, patellar, and cutaneous trunci reflexes are key to assessing neurologic function.
Dental Procedures
Local Anesthesia Techniques
- Caudal maxillary blocks cover all maxillary branch nerves while inferior alveolar blocks target all mandibular teeth.
This comprehensive set of notes covers critical topics in ophthalmology, reproductive physiology, emergency protocols, and neurological assessment.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in ophthalmology, including the structure and function of the tarsal plate, as well as conditions such as distichiasis and entropion. This quiz covers critical aspects of eyelid anatomy and related surgical interventions. Challenge yourself with these essential topics in eye care.
