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Ophthalmology: Tarsal Plate and Conditions
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Ophthalmology: Tarsal Plate and Conditions

Created by
@SweetheartLorentz

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the tarsal plate?

  • Facilitates vision
  • Contains aqueous humor
  • Supports eyelid structure
  • Holds sutures (correct)

    • Distichiasis refers to normal hair growth on the edge of the eyelid.

    False

    What are the two types of musculature in the iris?

    Constrictor muscle and dilator muscle

    The fluid produced by the ciliary body is known as ______.

    <p>aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ocular conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Cherry Eye = Prolapse of the nictitating gland Conjunctivitis = Diffuse reddening with possible discharge Entropion = Inrolling of the eyelid margin Squamous Cell Carcinoma = Uncommon lid tumor in cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is NOT typically used for treating distichiasis?

    <p>Topical steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vitreous humor has a high rate of turnover.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of conjunctivitis?

    <p>Diffuse reddening and possible mucopurulent discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ technique is used to address cherry eye by burying the gland.

    <p>pocket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a level of consciousness?

    <p>Paresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decerebrate rigidity involves the extension of all limbs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reflex assessed through the patellar reflex?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term used to describe paralysis affecting all four limbs is called __________.

    <p>tetra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cranial reflexes to their associated cranial nerves:

    <p>Pupillary light reflex = CN II and CN III Palpebral reflex = CN V and CN VII Gag reflex = CN IX and CN X Corneal reflex = CN V and CN VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the failure to generate movement?

    <p>Paresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average gestation period for Ancestors?

    <p>64 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reddened and enlarged teats are not a clinical sign of pregnancy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concentration of plasma relaxin that indicates less than 2% spontaneous parturition within 12 hours?

    <p>5ng/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inadequate birthing canal is a __________ factor related to dystocia.

    <p>maternal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical signs with their description:

    <p>Increased appetite = Eating more food than usual Weight gain = Increase in body mass Relaxation of perineal tissue/vulva = Softening of vulval area Increased heart rate = Elevated bpm compared to average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason for surgical intervention in cases of dystocia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred positioning technique for imaging the thorax?

    <p>Right lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudopregnancy can resolve without any intervention.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dogs, the normal width of the heart in DV view should be 1/2 the width of the thorax.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical sign of a fluid deficit greater than 5%?

    <p>Sunken eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be aligned to the midline during centering/collimation for thoracic imaging?

    <p>DV/VD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of transabdominal ultrasound in reproductive health?

    <p>To assess foetal distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Veins in the thorax are considered to be _____ and _____ in position.

    <p>ventral, central</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient who is stuporous is considered conscious.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in __________ is associated with pseudopregnancy.

    <p>prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal height of the heart in lateral view for dogs?

    <p>2/3 height of thorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ovarian diseases are mentioned?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)?

    <p>CPP = mean arterial pressure - intracranial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of the RECOVER guidelines is for __________ care.

    <p>cardiopulmonary resuscitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following imaging modalities to their correct description:

    <p>Radiography = X-ray imaging for visualization of structures Ultrasonography = Imaging using high-frequency sound waves Computed tomography = Cross-sectional imaging using X-ray technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fluid types with their characteristics:

    <p>Isotonic = Lactated Ringer's solution Hypotonic = Water moves into cells Hypertonic = Draws water from cells Colloids = Large molecules retain volume in circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main aim for exposure in thoracic imaging is to capture the heart at rest.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of basic life support according to RECOVER guidelines?

    <p>Standardised crash cart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one normal heart measurement for cats.

    <p>DV width indicating asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In lateral view for dogs, the normal width of the heart is _____ to _____ intercostals.

    <p>2.5, 3.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lidocaine is used during advanced life support for its analgesic properties.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following assessments is NOT included in normal heart evaluation?

    <p>Muscle thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acceptable rectal temperature indicating sepsis?

    <p>740°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inadequate potassium for long-term use is a characteristic of __________.

    <p>Lactated Ringer's solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of hypertonic saline?

    <p>Rapid MAP restoration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ophthalmology Overview

    • Tarsal plate stiffens eyelid margins and houses tarsal/meibomian glands, making it ideal for suture retention.
    • Distichiasis involves abnormal hair growth along the eyelid edges, with plucking leading to regrowth. Treatment options include electrolysis and cryo-tarso conjunctival resection.
    • Entropion is the inward rolling of eyelid margins, potentially aiding vision in nocturnal animals by reflecting light.
    • Aqueous humor is continuously produced by the ciliary body, ensuring constant drainage and a watery consistency.
    • The vitreous body is a gel-like substance in the eye with no turnover.
    • Iris musculature comprises the circular constrictor muscle (parasympathetic control) and radial dilator muscle (sympathetic control).
    • Non-lathering povidone-iodine is recommended for ocular disinfection.
    • Squamous cell carcinoma is an uncommon lid tumor found in cats, usually presenting as nodular or erosive lesions.
    • Cherry eye results from prolapsed nictitating gland, frequently seen in English bulldogs, treated using techniques that preserve gland function.
    • Conjunctivitis can present as diffuse reddening with mucopurulent discharge, often associated with chronic dry eye.

    Reproductive Physiology

    Estrous Cycle

    • Pro-oestrus lasts approximately 10 days, followed by a 10-day oestrus phase, a 2-month luteal phase, and concludes with a 4.5-month anoestrus.

    Clinical Signs of Estrous

    • Signs include reddened/enlarged teats, elevated heart rate, increased appetite, weight gain, and perineal tissue relaxation.

    Gestation and Dystocia

    • Average gestation length is around 64 days, with dystocia factors categorized as maternal (inadequate expulsion or birthing canal) and fetal (presentation or size issues).
    • Plasma relaxin can be detected from day 25, and abdominal palpation showing changes begins around day 21.

    Emergency and Critical Care

    Triage Principles

    • Initial assessment focuses on urgency of treatment based on patient status.

    Respiratory Assessment

    • Evaluating the airway includes assessing rate, effort, pattern, and mucous membrane color, often aided by a pulse oximeter.

    Fluid Therapy

    • Signs of fluid deficit vary from none (<5%) to severe (>12% leading to collapse).
    • Fluids must be matched to the type of loss and patient needs.

    CPR Protocol

    • RECOVER guidelines outline essential steps: prevention, basic life support, advanced life support, monitoring, and post-arrest care.

    Cardiorespiratory Assessment

    Imaging Techniques

    • Modalities include radiography, ultrasonography, and CT scanning.

    Heart Size Indicators (Dog and Cat)

    • Normal heart width in dogs is designed to be 2/3 the width of the thorax in DV view and 2.5-3.5 intercostals in lateral view. Cats may present differently.

    Neurology Assessment

    Level of Consciousness

    • Ranges from normal to comatose, including variations such as dullness or stupor.

    Posture and Gait Assessment

    • Assess for head tilt, body turn, and various types of gait changes (cerebellar, vestibular, etc.).

    Reflex Integrity

    • Withdrawal, patellar, and cutaneous trunci reflexes are key to assessing neurologic function.

    Dental Procedures

    Local Anesthesia Techniques

    • Caudal maxillary blocks cover all maxillary branch nerves while inferior alveolar blocks target all mandibular teeth.

    This comprehensive set of notes covers critical topics in ophthalmology, reproductive physiology, emergency protocols, and neurological assessment.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in ophthalmology, including the structure and function of the tarsal plate, as well as conditions such as distichiasis and entropion. This quiz covers critical aspects of eyelid anatomy and related surgical interventions. Challenge yourself with these essential topics in eye care.

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