Ophthalmic Exam Findings in Shih Tzu Dogs

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Questions and Answers

Which anatomical feature, when present in brachycephalic dogs, does NOT decrease globe protection?

  • Exophthalmos
  • Trichiasis (correct)
  • Shallow orbit
  • Lagophthalmos

Which of the following diagnostic tests was NOT used determine the tear film parameters in the Shih Tzu dogs?

  • Schirmer tear test
  • Tear ferning
  • Optical coherence tomography (correct)
  • Strip meniscometry test

What is the significance of the 10-minute interval between tear tests in this study?

  • To allow the tear fluid to replenish. (correct)
  • To ensure accurate measurement of tear production.
  • To minimize the risk of cross-contamination between tests.
  • To allow for proper absorption of the topical anesthetic.

In the context of this study, what does a negative correlation between age and TFBUT in Shih Tzus suggest?

<p>Older dogs tend to have poorer tear film quality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of examined Shih Tzu eyes showed lagophthalmos, a condition of incomplete eyelid closure?

<p>82% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The researchers found that topical anesthesia significantly reduced which of the following measurements?

<p>Schirmer tear test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the study, lacrimation kinetics were approximately how many fold faster in Shih Tzu dogs compared to other canine breeds?

<p>2-fold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic finding could be associated with a lower tear film quality in Shih Tzus?

<p>Low conjunctival goblet cell density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Shih Tzus, what do elevated STT-2 relative to other dog breeds infer about aqueous tear composition?

<p>Higher basal and reflex tear secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the study suggest regarding breeding practices to help reduce ocular surface disease in Shih Tzus and similar breeds?

<p>Breed away from extremes in facial conformation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study suggest veterinarians include in annual physical examination of all dogs predisposed to BOS, especially in older canines?

<p>Ocular examination including tear testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does medial canthoplasty address key issues related to ocular surface disease in predisposed breeds?

<p>By shortening the palpebral fissure length (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, what underlying factors might contribute to the qualitative tear film deficiency (low TFBUT) noted in Shih Tzus?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the abnormalities was noted in 100% of the Shih Tzu dogs' eyes examined in this study?

<p>Caruncular trichiasis and medial lower lid entropion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of normal or increased tear volume with decreased tear film break-up time (TFBUT) in Shih Tzus?

<p>Both qualitative and quantitative tear film diagnostics need to be investigated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Brachycephalic Ocular Syndrome (BOS)

A syndrome in brachycephalic breeds where anatomical features decrease globe protection and increase globe irritation.

Qualitative Tear Film Deficiency

Reduced tear film stability, indicating compromised tear quality, can lead to ocular surface disease.

Corneal Tactile Sensation (CTS)

A diagnostic test used to assess corneal sensitivity by measuring the filament length that elicits a blink reflex.

Schirmer Tear Test (STT)

A test that measures tear production by placing a paper strip in the lower conjunctival fornix.

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Tear Ferning

A test where tear fluid is collected, dried, and examined under a microscope, classified by grades based on the ferning patterns.

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Tear Film Breakup Time (TFBUT)

A test where fluorescein is applied to the ocular surface to observe the time until dark spots appear in the tear film.

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Punctate Fluorescein Staining (PFS)

A test using fluorescein dye to detect corneal epithelial defects.

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Fluorescein Passage to Nostrils (Jones Test)

A procedure used to assess the patency of the nasolacrimal duct by observing fluorescein appearance in the nostril after application to the eye.

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Palpebral Fissure Length (PFL)

The length of the opening between the eyelids.

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Lagophthalmos

A frequent finding in Shih Ttus, where the eyelids don't fully close.

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Caruncular Trichiasis

A common abnormality in Shih Tzus where eyelashes or hairs around the eyes grow inward and irritate the cornea.

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Entropion (medial lower lid)

The turning inward of the eyelid margin.

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Prominent Follicular Nodules

Tiny inflamed bumps, often on the conjunctiva, indicating an immune response or irritation.

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Corneal Neovascularization

Blood vessel growth in the cornea.

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Lacrimation Kinetics

The study of tear secretion dynamics, including volume, flow rate, and components.

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Study Notes

Ophthalmic Examination of Shih Tzu Dogs

  • The purpose of the study was is to characterize ocular surface parameters and prevalence of pathology in Shih Tzu dogs.
  • The study included 50 Shih Tzu dogs (28 male, 22 female).
  • Complete ophthalmic exams were performed on all dogs.
  • The dogs were tested 10 minutes apart for intraocular pressure (IOP), blink rate, palpebral fissure length (PFL), corneal tactile sensation (CTS).
  • Schirmer tear test was performed, with and without stimulation (STT-1, NL-STT1 and STT-2, NL-STT2).
  • Also performed were tear ferning, strip meniscometry test (SMT), tear film breakup time (TFBUT), and punctate fluorescein staining (PFS) testing

Results

  • IOP was an average of 17.9±3.7 mmHg
  • Blink rate averaged 2.4±1.4 blinks/min
  • PFL averaged 23.8±1.8mm
  • CTS averaged 1.8±0.7 cm
  • STT-1 averaged 22.0±5.5mm/min
  • NL-STT1 averaged 24.2±4.7mm/min
  • STT-2 averaged 16.9±6.5mm/min
  • NL-STT2 averaged 18.5±7.5mm/min
  • SMT averaged 7.5±3.5mm/5 s
  • TFBUT averaged 5.3±2.4 s
  • Tear ferning averaged 1.3±0.7
  • PFS averaged 1.6±0.6
  • PFL was significantly greater in male vs. female Shih Tzus (p<.001).
  • Age was negatively correlated with TFBUT results (r = -0.31, p = .027)
  • Lagophthalmos was observed in 82% of examined eyes.
  • Ocular surface pathology, including adnexal abnormalities and corneal opacification was common.
  • Adnexal abnormalities occurred in 100% of eyes with caruncular trichiasis and medial lower lid entropion
  • Corneal opacification occurred in 27% with pigmentation, 20% with fibrosis, 12% with neovascularization

Conclusions

  • Qualitative tear film deficiency (low TFBUT) with anatomical abnormalities promote ocular irritation in the Shih Tzu breed.
  • Prophylactic measures (e.g., medial canthoplasty, topical lubrication) is recommended to improve ocular health in Shih Tzus

Keywords

  • Brachycephalic ocular syndrome
  • Dry eye
  • Lacrimation kinetics
  • Nasolacrimal reflex
  • Qualitative tear deficiency
  • Tear production

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