Operating Systems Semester Exam Syllabus

Study Notes

Operating System Overview

Acts as an intermediary between user and hardware.
Controls and coordinates resources across applications, ensuring fairness.
Provides a platform for application programs and an environment for program execution.

Classification of Operating Systems

Batch Systems: Execute jobs sequentially without user interaction.
Interactive Systems: Allow user interaction during job execution.
Time Sharing Systems: Enable multiple users to access system resources concurrently.
Real-Time Systems: Provide timely processing to meet strict timing constraints.
Multiprocessor Systems: Use multiple CPUs to improve performance and efficiency.
Multiuser Systems: Support multiple users simultaneously.
Multithreaded Systems: Handle multiple threads within a single process for efficient resource use.

Operating System Structure

Layered Structure: Organizes OS functionality in layers for modularity.
Monolithic Systems: All components run in kernel space, leading to faster performance.
Microkernel Systems: Minimal kernel functions with additional services running in user space.

CPU Scheduling

Process States: Includes new, ready, running, waiting, and terminated.
Schedulers: Determine which process runs at any given time.
Process Control Block (PCB): Contains process identification and management information.
Scheduling Algorithms: Strategies for selecting processes for execution, including Shortest Job First and Round Robin.
Multiprocessor Scheduling: Manages CPU scheduling across multiple processors.

Deadlock

System Model: Defines the state of the system, including resources and processes.
Deadlock Characterization: Conditions required for deadlock occurrence.
Prevention and Avoidance Techniques: Strategies to prevent or resolve deadlocks, like resource allocation graphs.
Detection and Recovery: Methods to identify deadlocks and recover from them.

Concurrent Processes

Concurrency Principle: Multiple processes execute simultaneously, enhancing system utilization.
Producer/Consumer Problem: Classic synchronization problem involving two processes sharing a buffer.
Critical Section Problem: Ensures that only one process accesses critical resources at a time.
Semaphores: Synchronization primitives used to control access to shared resources.
Classical Concurrency Problems: Include the Dining Philosopher Problem and Sleeping Barber Problem.

Memory Management

Resident Monitor and Multiprogramming: Basic concepts for managing memory in early operating systems.
Paging and Segmentation: Memory management techniques for efficient resource allocation.
Virtual Memory: Allows execution of processes not completely in main memory.
Demand Paging: Loads pages into memory only when needed, optimizes memory use.
Thrashing: Excessive page swapping that leads to decreased performance.

I/O Management and Disk Scheduling

I/O Devices and Subsystems: Management of input/output operations between hardware and the OS.
Disk Scheduling Algorithms: Strategies to optimize disk reads and writes, like First-Come-First-Served and Shortest Seek Time First.

File System Management

File Concepts: Structures for organizing, storing, and accessing files.
File Directories and Sharing: Management of file structures and access control for users.
Implementation Issues: Challenges in developing secure and efficient file systems, including protection and security measures.

Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of Operating Systems, including classifications, structures, and services. You will explore various scheduling techniques, performance metrics, and the functionalities of different operating system models. Prepare to test your knowledge on both theoretical and practical aspects of the syllabus.