Operating Systems Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the operating system's primary goals?

  • To create a user-friendly interface that makes the computer system easier to use. (correct)
  • To prevent user programs from accessing hardware components, ensuring security.
  • To directly communicate with hardware components, allowing user programs to bypass the OS.
  • To ensure that all user programs run simultaneously, regardless of hardware limitations.

    • What is a system call?

  • A signal sent from the operating system to a user program to indicate a task has been completed.
  • A request from a user program to the operating system to perform a specific task. (correct)
  • A direct command sent from the user to the CPU to execute a specific operation.
  • A specific program designed to communicate with the user's graphical interface.

    • What is the purpose of a graphical user interface (GUI)?

  • To provide a visual and interactive way for users to interact with the operating system. (correct)
  • To ensure the safe and secure operation of all user programs.
  • To manage the flow of data between the CPU and the hard disk.
  • To allow the user to directly access and manipulate hardware components.

    • Which of the following is NOT a primary responsibility of an operating system?

    <p>Developing individual applications that meet user needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the Windows Vista operating system completed?

    <p>November 8, 2006 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an operating system help in executing a program?

    <p>By acting as a translator between the user's commands and the hardware's instructions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the CPU, memory, and I/O devices constitute in the computer system?

    <p>Hardware (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example of executing MS Word, what happens after the CPU executes the "CreateProcess()" system call?

    <p>The OS communicates with the hard disk to retrieve the MS Word program. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of an operating system managing memory?

    <p>It ensures that multiple programs can share memory without interfering with each other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a component of a computer system?

    <p>Users (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Operating System control and coordinate in the computer system?

    <p>Use of hardware resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an operating system in protecting a computer system from unauthorized access?

    <p>By controlling access to system resources and preventing unauthorized programs from running. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of an application program?

    <p>Kernel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of system programs in a computer system?

    <p>Provide a bridge between user interface and system calls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the operating system released on August 24, 2001?

    <p>Windows XP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Windows Vista's codename relevant to this discussion?

    <p>It highlights the complexity of the Vista development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the operating system in starting a program like MS Word?

    <p>The OS acts as a connection between the GUI and the hard disk to retrieve the program. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before the advent of operating systems, what was the primary way to change a computer's program?

    <p>Modifying the computer's hardware through wires and switches. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a device controller in a computer system?

    <p>To manage the flow of data between the CPU and I/O devices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ENIAC, the first computer with an operating system, was designed for what primary purpose?

    <p>To calculate artillery firing tables for the military. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a device controller inform the CPU that an I/O operation has been completed?

    <p>By causing an interrupt. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of saving the CPU's state when an interrupt occurs?

    <p>To ensure that the interrupted program can resume execution correctly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core function of an operating system, as explained in the content?

    <p>To act as a 'boss' program managing other programs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were programs executed before the evolution of modern operating systems?

    <p>Programs were loaded from magnetic tapes or punch cards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are incoming interrupts disabled while another interrupt is being processed?

    <p>To prevent a lost interrupt. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common function of interrupts?

    <p>To prioritize interrupts based on their importance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main limitation faced when running programs without an operating system?

    <p>Computers could only run one program at a time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a trap in the context of computer system operations?

    <p>A software-generated interrupt caused by an error or user request. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What operating system is considered a landmark for its multi-tasking and multi-user capabilities?

    <p>UNIX (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a trap differ from a typical interrupt?

    <p>Traps are software-generated interrupts, while interrupts are hardware-generated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between early operating systems, such as MS-DOS, and modern operating systems?

    <p>Modern operating systems are more user-friendly and have a graphical interface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of an operating system?

    <p>It manages the system's resources, such as memory and I/O devices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using a distributed operating system?

    <p>It significantly reduces the load on the host system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a network operating system?

    <p>It provides centralized management of shared resources within a LAN. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are distributed operating systems sometimes referred to, due to their independent systems?

    <p>Loosely coupled systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of employing a distributed operating system?

    <p>Improved reliability and stability by sharing resources across a network (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between distributed operating systems and network operating systems?

    <p>Distributed systems prioritize resource sharing and collaboration, while network systems focus on resource management and security. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Direct Memory Access (DMA) structure?

    <p>To increase the speed of data transfer between I/O devices and main memory, bypassing the CPU. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these correctly describes Synchronous I/O?

    <p>The CPU waits for the I/O operation to complete before returning control to the user program. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'volatility' refer to in the context of storage systems?

    <p>The susceptibility of data loss when the power is turned off. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between main memory and secondary storage?

    <p>Main memory is directly accessible by the CPU, while secondary storage requires intermediate access through the I/O controller. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using a multiprocessor system?

    <p>Increased complexity in system management. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a cache in a computer system?

    <p>To improve performance by reducing the latency of data access. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the 'wait loop' in the context of Synchronous I/O?

    <p>A continuous loop that checks the status of an I/O device, waiting for its completion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cache management considered an important design problem?

    <p>The size of the cache is fixed, requiring careful selection of data to be stored. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor considered when organizing storage systems in a hierarchy?

    <p>Data compression techniques used. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of a computer system, what is the primary purpose of a device-status table?

    <p>To keep track of the current status and configuration of I/O devices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Operating System

    A program that acts as an intermediary between a user and computer hardware.

    Graphical User Interface (GUI)

    An interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices using graphical elements.

    Process Management

    An operating system function that handles the creation, scheduling, and termination of processes.

    Memory Management

    The function of the operating system that handles the allocation and deallocation of memory space.

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    System Call

    A request made by a program to the operating system to perform a specific task.

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    CreateProcess()

    A system call used to create a new process in the operating system.

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    CPU

    The central processing unit, which executes instructions from the operating system and applications.

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    Hard Disk Communication

    The interaction between the operating system and storage to load programs into memory.

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    Windows XP Release Date

    Released to manufacturing on August 24, 2001.

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    Windows Vista Release Date

    Development completed on November 8, 2006.

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    Windows 7 Release Date

    Released on July 22, 2009.

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    Operating System Definition

    Controls and coordinates use of hardware among applications and users.

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    Components of Computer System

    Includes Hardware, Operating System, Application Programs, and Users.

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    System Programs

    Provide an environment for developing and executing programs, bridging users and system calls.

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    Kernel's Role

    Manages hardware resources like I/O devices, CPU time, file storage, and memory space.

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    Application Programs

    Define how system resources are used to solve user problems, like word processors and games.

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    Computer System Components

    Includes CPUs, device controllers, and shared memory accessed via a common bus.

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    Concurrent Execution

    CPUs and devices operate together, competing for memory cycles.

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    Device Controller

    A device manager responsible for specific device operations.

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    Local Buffer

    A temporary storage area for data between the CPU and a device.

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    I/O Operations

    Data transfer between the device and local buffers, distinguished by read and write operations.

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    Interrupt in Computing

    A signal that prompts the CPU to stop its current operations and execute a different routine.

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    Trap

    A software-generated interrupt from errors or user requests.

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    Interrupt Handling Process

    The OS saves the CPU's state and executes a service routine for each interrupt type.

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    OS as Intermediary

    The OS manages the execution of programs between the GUI and hardware.

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    ENIAC

    The first electronic computer, created for artillery calculations in 1946.

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    Operating System (OS)

    A program that controls other programs and manages system resources.

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    Punch Cards

    An early method of inputting instructions into computers using cards with holes.

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    Multi-tasking OS

    An operating system that can run multiple programs at the same time.

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    Microsoft MS-DOS

    An early operating system for PCs that required command-line inputs.

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    UNIX

    A multi-user, multi-tasking operating system developed in 1971.

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    First OS Task

    Before OS, changing tasks required physical rewiring of the computer.

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    Distributed Operating System

    An OS that enables remote access and communication between autonomous computers.

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    Loosely Coupled Systems

    Independent systems in a distributed OS with their own resources.

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    Remote Access

    Ability for users to access files or software from other systems on a network.

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    Scalability in Systems

    The ability to easily add more systems to a network as needed.

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    Tightly Coupled Systems

    Systems where computers share resources and configurations over a network.

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    Synchronous I/O

    I/O completes before control returns to the user program, causing the CPU to wait.

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    Asynchronous I/O

    Control returns to the user program immediately without waiting for I/O completion.

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    Device-status table

    A table that holds information about I/O devices, including type, address, and status.

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    Direct Memory Access (DMA)

    Method where a device transfers data directly to memory, reducing CPU involvement.

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    Storage Structure

    System organizing memory into a hierarchy for efficient data storage and access.

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    Caching

    The process of temporarily storing frequently accessed data in a faster storage.

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    Cache Management

    The strategy for controlling the size and replacement of data in the cache.

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    Storage Hierarchy

    Levels of data storage organized by speed, cost, and volatility.

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    Secondary Storage

    Storage that provides large, non-volatile capacity, like hard drives.

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    Multiprocessor Systems

    Systems with more than one processor, commonly used in complex applications.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Operating Systems

    • Operating systems act as intermediaries between computer users and hardware
    • Operating system goals include:
      • Executing user programs efficiently
      • Easily solving user problems
      • Making computer systems convenient (via GUI)
      • Efficiently managing computer hardware
    • A user interacts with an application, which communicates through the operating system to ask the hardware for actions (e.g. execute a program)
    • A diagram shows the flow from GUI to operating system to RAM to execute an application like MS Word, finally the CPU runs the application, then the application is loaded from the disk to RAM.
    • The OS manages the process execution.
    • The OS manages process creation.
    • The OS is an intermediary between the GUI and the hard disk.
    • Early computers did not have operating systems, requiring direct wire manipulation to change operations.
    • ENIAC (1946) was an early computer without an operating system, used switches and cables for input, and punch cards for output.
    • OS/360 was a significant operating system for IBM mainframes.
    • Later computers utilized punch cards or magnetic tape for input instructions.
    • The OS manages the process execution, by determining where the code/instructions are moved from/to (system memory, disk, etc.).

    History of Operating Systems

    • Modern operating systems like UNIX were written in assembly language developed at Bell Labs in 1971, and are multi-tasking, multi-user operating systems.
    • Starting from fourth generation, UNIX was written in C.
    • Microsoft MS-DOS was an early operating system for personal computers (PCs), released in August 1981, requiring text-based commands rather than a graphical user interface.
    • Later operating systems, like Windows 1.0 (released November 20, 1985), offered graphical user interfaces.
    • Windows 2000 was released to manufacturing on December 15, 1999.
    • Windows XP was released to manufacturing in August 2001.
    • Windows Vista, codenamed, released in November 2006.
    • Windows 7 was released in July 2009.
    • Windows 8 was introduced in August 2012.
    • Windows 10 (September 2014).
    • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) created operating systems for its 16-bit PDP-11 computers.
    • The RSX-11 family was a set of real-time operating systems.
    • Small computers became popular in the mid-1970s.

    Computer System Structure

    • Computer systems have four basic components: hardware, operating system, application programs, and users.
    • Hardware provides basic computing resources (like CPU, memory, I/O devices).
    • Operating systems control and coordinate the use of hardware among various applications and users.
    • Application programs define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve computing problems of the users.
    • Users include people (operators) or other machines.
    • A diagram illustrates how these four components interact.
    • System programs, such as compilers and editors, serve as an environment for application programs (a bridge between users and system calls).

    Operating System Definition

    • The operating system is a resource allocator.
    • It manages all the resources of the computer.
    • It decides the use of resources.
    • Example of resource allocation conflict includes 2 applications attempting to use the same printer.
    • The OS is a control program, which regulates program execution.
    • Example activities of the OS include:
      • Creating and deleting processes
      • Suspending/resuming processes
      • Process synchronization
      • Inter-process communication
      • Deadlock handling

    Computer Startup

    • A bootstrap program initializes components of the system, loads the OS kernel, starts execution, typically stored in ROM/EPROM—often called firmware.

    Computer System Organization

    • Computer systems typically use a common bus to connect CPUs and device controllers, giving access to shared memory.
    • Devices might be concurrent with the CPUs (more than one device performing operations at a time).

    I/O Structure

    • CPU and I/O devices can execute concurrently.
    • Device controllers have local buffers that temporarily store data as required by the CPU, or store data moved from the device to memory.
    • Each device controller informs the CPU its operation is finished via cause of an interrupt.

    Common Functions of Interrupts

    • OS interactions (like software error or trap) are transmitted to service routines through interrupt vectors.
    • Incoming interrupts are temporarily disabled to prevent conflict
    • Traps are another type of software-generated interrupts.
    • OS interactions are generally interrupt driven.

    Interrupt Handling

    • OS interactions (like software error or trap) are transmitted to service routines through interrupt vectors, which contain addresses of all service routines.
    • The OS preserves (stores) the state of the CPU by saving the registers and the program counter, so execution can continue later.
    • Specific service routines determine appropriate actions for various types of interrupts.

    Interrupt Timeline

    • A timeline shows how the CPU executes a user process, encounters and handles I/O operation request, the transferring of data from an I/O device (e.g., disk).
    • These are possible concurrent operations.

    Storage Structure

    • Main memory is the only large storage that the CPU can directly access.
    • Secondary storage provides large nonvolatile storage capacity.
    • Magnetic disks have tracks that are divided into sectors.
    • Disk controllers are responsible for the logical interaction between the disk device and the computer.

    Storage Hierarchy

    • Systems organize storage in different levels, which can either be explicit or implicit.
    • The storage hierarchy has different levels ordered by speed, cost, and volatility. Levels include:
      • registers
      • cache
      • main memory
      • disk storage

    Caching

    • Information is temporarily copied from slower to faster storage, this provides a performance enhancement.
    • Usually, faster storage is first checked first for data. If retrieved, the data is retrieved from faster storage.
    • If data is not retrieved from faster storage, then the data is copied to faster storage, then used there.
    • Smaller cache sizes are typical in comparison to the storage being used.

    Computer-System Architecture

    • Most computers use one general-purpose processor.
    • Most systems also have some special-purpose processors.
    • Multiprocessors are also called parallel systems or tightly coupled systems.
      • Increased throughput
      • Increased reliability (graceful degradation)
      • Economy of scale

    How a Modern Computer Works

    • Simple diagram illustrating the interaction between CPU, I/O, interrupt. DMA-operations.

    Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

    • CPUs share the cache, memory.

    A Dual-Core Design

    • A conceptual design of two CPU cores sharing the same RAM/Memory space.

    Clustered Systems

    • A set of multiple computers interconnected to provide a high-availability service that can continue to exist even if individual computers fail.
    • It is usually through some type of SAN/storage area network.
    • It can be either asymmetric or symmetric.
    • Common use is for High Performance Computing (HPC), where processing is highly parallelized.

    Operating System Structure

    • Multiprogramming is necessary for efficiency since a single user cannot keep both the CPU and I/O devices busy.
    • Multiprogramming schedules jobs and provides efficient CPU/I/O resource use.
    • Timesharing (or multitasking) provides increased interactive computing.
    • Response time should ideally be less than 1 second.
    • Processes can be moved in and out of memory (swapping).
    • Virtual memory allows use of larger programs than physical memory size.

    Memory Layout for Multiprogrammed Systems

    • A diagram depicting how the memory is divided within a multiprogrammed system with OS as well as multiple job regions.

    Operating-System Operations

    • The OS runs in kernel mode (to protect itself/other system components) to provide protection and security.
    • Users/processes are run in user mode.
    • Processes can request service via system calls to the OS which transitions to kernel mode.
    • Other types of handling by the OS includes:
      • hardware exception (division by zero).
      • software error (infinite loops).

    Transition from User to Kernel Mode

    • A timer is used to prevent processes from hogging resources or infinite loops.
    • The timer sends an interrupt, and the OS switches to deallocate resources from the current process and allocate to another.

    Types of Operating Systems: Batch Operating Systems

    • A batch OS doesn't interact directly with users. Instead an operator collects jobs, and groups jobs with similar needs.
    • Benefits include: less guesswork for the time required for a job, multiple users can use the system concurrently, and easy management of similar tasks.
    • Drawbacks include needing experienced operators, difficulty in debugging, and potentially longer job completion times for users needing a job quickly.

    Types of Operating Systems: Time-Sharing Operating Systems

    • Tasks are given small time intervals to be executed, and the CPU rapidly switches between jobs.
      • Improves user interaction.
      • Each task (and/or job) is given time intervals by the OS.
    • Advantages of time-sharing include:
      • Equal opportunity for all tasks.
      • Less possibility of duplicated software
      • Reduced CPU response-time.
    • Disadvantages include:
      • Reliability may be an issue.
      • Security/integrity of user programs and data is an operational concern.
      • Data communications could be an operational concern.

    Types of Operating Systems: Distributed Operating Systems

    • A network of autonomous computers working together
    • They have their own independent memory and CPU, but share a communication network
    • Remote access is possible amongst interconnected networked devices within the network.
    • Data communication speed is enhanced because of shared resources
    • Host computer load is reduced

    Types of Operating Systems: Network Operating Systems

    • Runs on a server, acting to manage resources such as files, printers, and security.
    • Functions through a Private Local Area Network (LAN).
    • All users understand the configurations/settings/connections of other users in the LAN; thus they are sometimes known as tightly coupled.
    • Server costs might be involved in maintaining the OS, and maintaining the server itself (maintenance and updates).

    Types of Operating Systems: Real-Time Operating Systems

    • Real-time systems must meet strict time constraints.
    • Examples include missile systems, air traffic control, robotic systems.
    • Hard real-time systems – must respond immediately; e.g. air bags, or parachutes.
      • No Virtual memory, instead instant response is needed.
    • Soft real-time systems - time constraints, but not as strict as hard real-time.
      • Examples include video games or multimedia systems where minor delays would not affect experience greatly.

    Advantages/Disadvantages of Real-Time OS

    • Advantages include maximization of the resources usage, quick task shifting, and a focus on the tasks being executed (instead of others waiting in queue).
    • Disadvantages of real-time operating systems include limited task execution, heavy/expensive resources, complex algorithms, and special driver support for external devices.

    Process Management

    • A process is a program in execution.
    • A process requires resources such as CPU, memory, I/O, and data to execute.
    • Several processes may be running concurrently, thus processes must be managed for efficient CPU utilization.
    • Processes can be created and deleted by the OS.
    • The OS can suspend and resume processes, synchronize processes, communicate between processes, and handle any deadlocks that may arise.

    Memory Management

    • Memory management is responsible for tracking active memory space.
    • Memory management activities include:
    • Keeping track of where data/instructions are located and by whom the memory is used.
    • Deciding which processes and data to move into/out of memory for efficient CPU usage, also to ensure that processes do not exceed their allotted memory amount.
    • Allocate and deallocate memory space
    • Swapping and processes to and from secondary memory

    Storage Management

    • OS provides a logical/uniform view for information storage, abstracting the physical properties of storage.
    • Files are organized into different directories, and the system regulates who can access what file/directory.

    Mass Storage Management

    • Mass storage is used for storing data that does not fit in main memory or stored for a period of time..
    • OS manages free-space, storage allocation, and disk scheduling.

    I/O Subsystem

    • The I/O subsystem is responsible for managing interactions between the devices and the OS and users.
      • The I/O subsystem handles interactions between hardware devices and users, by managing the input and output of data to and from the hardware devices or the operating system. This includes buffering, caching, and spooling data.

    Protection and Security

    • Protection mechanisms control the access of processes or users to resources within the system (e.g., files, CPU).
    • Security defends the system against internal and external attacks
    • includes issues such as denial-of-service problems, worms, identity theft, etc.
    • Security mechanisms involve user identities (user IDs, security IDs), group associations, privileges, and escalation.

    Cooperating Processes

    • Cooperating processes are interdependent processes that can affect or be affected by another in execution
      • Can work together to improve computing experience.
        • Information Sharing
        • Computation Speed-up
        • Modularity
        • Convenience
    • Client-Server Computing is a system design technique.

    Client-Server Computing

    • An architecture where processes are either clients or servers.
      • Servers manage network resources, such as disks and printers.
      • Clients request services from servers to perform tasks. Examples include email, web browsing, file transfers.
    • Advantages of client-server computing include enhanced data sharing, enhanced service integration, and more efficient operations and resource usage.
    • Disadvantages of client-server computing include overloaded servers, and centralized server architectures.

    Peer-to-Peer Computing

    • A distributed system model where all nodes are classified as "peers," instead of being classified as servers or clients.
    • Each peer can act as both a server and a client depending upon the operation or resource request
    • This allows data to easily be shared across different/multiple systems because all devices are classified as both client or server.

    Web-Based Computing

    • Web access is now ubiquitous in many user interactions
    • Operating systems are now more flexible and versatile in accommodating a greater number of devices working within the same network or operating system.

    Open-Source Operating Systems

    • OSs made available in source-code format, which contrasts with binary-only closed-source operating systems.
    • Open-source OSs often have a GPL, and have been developed by a Free Software Foundation (FSF).
    • Examples include: GNU/linux, BSD UNIX

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