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Questions and Answers
What is the primary advantage of using a disk-controller microprocessor?
What is the primary advantage of using a disk-controller microprocessor?
What is the main characteristic that differentiates multiprocessor systems from single-processor systems?
What is the main characteristic that differentiates multiprocessor systems from single-processor systems?
Which of the following is NOT one of the main advantages of multiprocessor systems?
Which of the following is NOT one of the main advantages of multiprocessor systems?
How does the speed-up ratio behave in a multiprocessor system with N processors?
How does the speed-up ratio behave in a multiprocessor system with N processors?
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What is a benefit of economy of scale in multiprocessor systems?
What is a benefit of economy of scale in multiprocessor systems?
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What happens to a multiprocessor system when one of its processors fails?
What happens to a multiprocessor system when one of its processors fails?
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Which component is commonly built into the keyboard of a PC?
Which component is commonly built into the keyboard of a PC?
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What does the term 'tightly coupled systems' refer to?
What does the term 'tightly coupled systems' refer to?
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How can communications between processes be implemented?
How can communications between processes be implemented?
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What is a key responsibility of the operating system regarding errors?
What is a key responsibility of the operating system regarding errors?
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In resource allocation, what must the operating system manage?
In resource allocation, what must the operating system manage?
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What is the purpose of accounting within an operating system?
What is the purpose of accounting within an operating system?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of error that operating systems need to monitor?
Which of the following is NOT a type of error that operating systems need to monitor?
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How do debugging facilities enhance user experience?
How do debugging facilities enhance user experience?
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What do protection and security measures in an operating system aim to achieve?
What do protection and security measures in an operating system aim to achieve?
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What should an operating system do when an arithmetic overflow occurs?
What should an operating system do when an arithmetic overflow occurs?
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What is the primary goal of an operating system?
What is the primary goal of an operating system?
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Which of the following best defines the role of the kernel in an operating system?
Which of the following best defines the role of the kernel in an operating system?
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Which of the following statements about operating systems is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about operating systems is NOT true?
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In which way do operating systems typically differ?
In which way do operating systems typically differ?
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What is the primary function of library services within an operating system?
What is the primary function of library services within an operating system?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an operating system?
Which of the following is NOT considered an operating system?
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What does the term 'privileged state' refer to in the context of the kernel?
What does the term 'privileged state' refer to in the context of the kernel?
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Which set of components is primarily managed by an operating system?
Which set of components is primarily managed by an operating system?
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What happens to the performance of a system when one processor fails in a system with ten processors?
What happens to the performance of a system when one processor fails in a system with ten processors?
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What is the term for a system that continues to provide service proportional to the level of surviving hardware?
What is the term for a system that continues to provide service proportional to the level of surviving hardware?
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Which type of multiprocessing involves a master processor controlling the tasks of other processors?
Which type of multiprocessing involves a master processor controlling the tasks of other processors?
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What is a key benefit of symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)?
What is a key benefit of symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)?
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What differentiates asymmetric and symmetric multiprocessing?
What differentiates asymmetric and symmetric multiprocessing?
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What recent trend in CPU design involves multiple compute cores on a single chip?
What recent trend in CPU design involves multiple compute cores on a single chip?
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What aspect of good multiprocessor systems helps reduce performance variation among processors?
What aspect of good multiprocessor systems helps reduce performance variation among processors?
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In which multiprocessing system do all processors perform all tasks within the operating system?
In which multiprocessing system do all processors perform all tasks within the operating system?
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What happens in a non-multiprogrammed system when a job needs to wait for an I/O operation?
What happens in a non-multiprogrammed system when a job needs to wait for an I/O operation?
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What is job scheduling responsible for in a multiprogramming system?
What is job scheduling responsible for in a multiprogramming system?
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How does a time-sharing operating system enhance user interaction?
How does a time-sharing operating system enhance user interaction?
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What is a key characteristic of a multiprogramming system?
What is a key characteristic of a multiprogramming system?
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What does the job pool consist of in a multiprogramming environment?
What does the job pool consist of in a multiprogramming environment?
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Which of the following accurately describes the role of memory management in a multiprogramming system?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of memory management in a multiprogramming system?
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Which statement is true about the CPU's operation in a multiprogramming environment?
Which statement is true about the CPU's operation in a multiprogramming environment?
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What is a limitation of batched multiprogrammed systems compared to time-sharing systems?
What is a limitation of batched multiprogrammed systems compared to time-sharing systems?
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What is the main purpose of system calls in an operating system?
What is the main purpose of system calls in an operating system?
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Which of the following is NOT a common system call?
Which of the following is NOT a common system call?
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In the context of communication models, what is a key advantage of shared memory?
In the context of communication models, what is a key advantage of shared memory?
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Which communication model requires a connection to be opened before information can be exchanged?
Which communication model requires a connection to be opened before information can be exchanged?
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What is a common issue associated with shared memory communication methods?
What is a common issue associated with shared memory communication methods?
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What is required for a process to initiate communication in a message-passing model?
What is required for a process to initiate communication in a message-passing model?
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Which command is used to retrieve the identifier of the communicating process in an operating system?
Which command is used to retrieve the identifier of the communicating process in an operating system?
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Which model of communication is considered more suitable for smaller data exchanges?
Which model of communication is considered more suitable for smaller data exchanges?
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Study Notes
Operating Systems
- Operating systems are programs managing computer hardware.
- They coordinate hardware use among various application programs.
- They act as intermediary between the user and computer hardware.
- A computer system is roughly divided into hardware, application programs, and users.
Components of a Computer System
- Hardware: Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, input/output (I/O) devices.
- Application Programs: Programs like word processors, spreadsheets, compilers.
- Users: Individuals using the system.
Operating System Views
- User View: Varying according to the interface (e.g., monitor, keyboard, mouse). Goal is to maximize user work/play, with emphasis on ease of use.
- System View: Operating system as resource allocator, managing CPU, memory, file storage, and I/O devices. Prioritizes efficient and fair resource allocation.
Types of Operating Systems
- Batch Processing: Early systems where users didn't directly interact with the computer. Jobs (programs, data, control information) were submitted to an operator. Output was produced later.
- Multiprogramming: Several jobs are loaded into memory simultaneously. The operating system switches between jobs to keep the CPU busy.
- Time-Sharing: Advanced multiprogramming system where several users can concurrently share the computer. The system rapidly switches between user tasks, providing responsiveness despite shared use.
- Multitasking: A logical extension of multiprogramming, where a single user can interact with multiple programs concurrently.
- Real-time: Used for control systems requiring precise timing constraints. Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time. Soft real time systems give priority to important tasks but don't always guarantee deadlines.
- Parallel Processing (Multiprocessor): Multiple processors working closely together for faster processing, potentially sharing resources (memory, bus). Classified into symmetric (all processors are peers) and asymmetric (one master processor oversees others) multiprocessor systems.
- Distributed Systems: Connected systems, sharing resources distributed across multiple locations and providing advanced connectivity features
- Cluster Systems: Multiple independent machines working together to provide high availability or performance. Classified into symmetric and asymmetric clustering methods
Computer System Organization
- The CPU, memory, and I/O controllers are connected via a common bus.
- The CPU and device controllers can operate concurrently.
- Each device controller has its own local storage and registers to communicate with other components.
- Memory Controller: synchronizes accesses to memory in order to maintain order.
Operating System Structure
- Simple Structure: Not well defined, limited modularity. (e.g., MS-DOS).
- Layered Structure: System divided into layers, each building on layers below. Higher levels require the functionality of lower levels. Provides modularity and easier debugging.
- Microkernel Structure: Reduces the kernel size by moving nonessential components into user space. This makes the kernel smaller, and it also enhances portability, extensibility, and security.
- Modular Structure: Combines advantages of layering and microkernels. Specific modules provide specific functionalities that are organized and layered as appropriate.
System Calls
- System calls are the interface between a process and the operating system.
- They provide access to critical system resources.
- They can either be implemented using assembly language, or in a higher level language.
Process Management
- A process is an instance of an executing program, requiring resources like CPU, memory, files etc.
- Processes need to be managed (created, deleted, scheduled).
Memory Management
- Memory is a critical resource to be managed.
- Operations include allocating and deallocating memory.
- Handling memory swapping and memory allocation.
Storage Management
- Important for secondary storage (e.g., disk) which holds frequently used or archival data and programs.
- Functions include free-space management, allocation operations, and scheduling of disk access operations.
I/O Structure
- Managing I/O devices and their communication with programs and the operating system.
- Features include buffering, caching, and spooling for efficient I/O operations.
Storage Structures
- Memory hierarchy of computer systems, including primary (main) memory, cache, secondary storage devices (e.g., magnetic disk, solid-state disk ), and tertiary storage devices (e.g., magnetic tapes) arranged in decreasing speed and increasing storage cost
Other Important Topics
- Interrupt handling: Interrupts are signals that signal events occurring in the system requiring immediate attention, which are processed in an orderly manner by the operating system.
- Dual-Mode Operation: Kernel mode (for operating system) and User mode (for programs) to safeguard the system.
- Protection Schemes: mechanisms to avoid one program or user from impacting the system or another program or user.
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Description
Test your knowledge on important concepts related to operating systems and multiprocessor systems. This quiz covers topics such as error management, resource allocation, and the advantages of multiprocessor architectures. Perfect for students of computer science!
