Operating Systems Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is defined as the basic unit of work in a system?

  • Function
  • Process (correct)
  • Program
  • Thread

Which of the following states indicates that a process is currently being executed?

  • New
  • Ready
  • Terminated
  • Running (correct)

What does a program represent compared to a process?

  • A sequence of events
  • A static entity (correct)
  • A dynamic entity
  • An executing code

What happens to a process in the 'Waiting' state?

<p>It is waiting for some event to occur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Process Control Block (PCB) represent?

<p>A data structure for the operating system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a process?

<p>Handler (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many states can a process have at one time?

<p>Five (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a process to run to completion?

<p>All requested resources must be allocated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average wait time for processes in the first scheduling method discussed?

<p>5.0 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In priority based scheduling, how are processes with the same priority executed?

<p>On a first come first serve basis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used in Round Robin scheduling to manage process execution?

<p>Context switching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the wait time for process P3 calculated in Round Robin scheduling?

<p>(9-3) + (18-12) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Multi Queue Scheduling?

<p>Priorities can be assigned to each queue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the average wait time for the processes in the second scheduling example?

<p>5.25 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scheduling method provides each process a fixed time to execute?

<p>Round Robin Scheduling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the priority of a process in priority based scheduling?

<p>Resource requirements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is external fragmentation?

<p>Memory is enough but not contiguous for process allocation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques can reduce external fragmentation?

<p>Compaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of device drivers in an operating system?

<p>To hide the complexities of hardware devices from users (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does paging avoid external fragmentation?

<p>By breaking physical memory into fixed-size pages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the page number in the paging technique?

<p>To index into a page table to find the base address. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a property associated with storage media?

<p>Color (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates segmentation from paging?

<p>Paging consists of fixed-size blocks, while segmentation uses logical pieces of varying sizes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of file permission allows a program to modify a file?

<p>Read-write (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of page offset in the paging process?

<p>To find the exact location within a specific page. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the operating system assist in file system management?

<p>By allowing users to create and delete directories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately represents internal fragmentation?

<p>Excess memory is left unused due to larger block allocations than necessary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a distributed system, how does the operating system manage communication?

<p>Through managing routing and connection strategies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about segmentation?

<p>Segmentation can be implemented without paging. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a program requests access to an I/O device, what does the operating system do?

<p>Provides access if the device is available (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a collection of processors in a distributed system?

<p>They do not share memory or peripheral devices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities is not typically handled by the operating system related to file management?

<p>Encrypting all files automatically (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of user level threads?

<p>Thread switching does not require kernel mode privileges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes kernel level threads?

<p>The kernel directly supports and manages all thread activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of user level threads?

<p>Most system calls are blocking in typical operating systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the kernel benefit from its management of threads?

<p>If one thread is blocked, the kernel can schedule another from the same process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding user level threads is false?

<p>They require management code within the application area. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical performance difference between user level threads and kernel level threads?

<p>User level threads are generally faster to create and manage than kernel threads. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of kernel level threads?

<p>They are generally slower to create and manage than user threads. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of user level threads?

<p>They can efficiently utilize multiple cores for processing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable disadvantage of the many to one threading model?

<p>Only one thread can access the Kernel at a time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which threading model utilizes multiple user-level threads mapped to a smaller or equal number of Kernel threads?

<p>Many to Many model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operating systems are known for using the one to one threading model?

<p>OS/2, Windows NT, and Windows 2000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of multithreading, what is a kernel mode switch?

<p>The transfer of control from one thread to another within the same process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the many to many threading model handle blocking system calls?

<p>The blocking does not affect all threads in the process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true regarding the one to one threading model?

<p>It requires a corresponding kernel thread for every user thread. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of the many to many multithreading model?

<p>Enables scalability across multiple processors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which threading model does a blocking system call cause the entire process to block?

<p>Many to One model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Process Wait Time

The time a process spends waiting in the ready queue before its execution.

Average Wait Time

The total wait time of all processes divided by the number of processes.

Priority Based Scheduling

A scheduling algorithm that prioritizes processes based on importance or resource requirements.

Quantum (in Round Robin Scheduling)

A fixed-time slice allocated to a process before it's preempted in favor of another process.

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Round Robin Scheduling

A scheduling algorithm where each process gets a fixed time slice to execute, then is preempted, and the next process gets a turn.

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Multi-Queue Scheduling

Processes are grouped into different queues based on their priorities.

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Thread

A basic unit of execution within a process. It is lightweight and shares resources with other threads within the same process.

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Thread Model

A unit of execution that represents a single thread. A process can have multiple threads.

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Kernel Level Threads

A thread management approach where the operating system (kernel) handles thread creation, scheduling, and management. The application doesn't directly manage threads, but the kernel makes them available to any program.

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User Level Threads

A thread management approach where the application manages and controls threads directly. The operating system isn't aware of the existence of threads.

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Multiprocessing Advantage (Kernel Level Threads)

The ability to execute multiple threads from the same process concurrently on multiple processors.

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Blocking Handling (Kernel Level Threads)

If one thread in a process gets blocked, the kernel can schedule another thread from the same program to run.

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Kernel Multithreading (Kernel Level Threads)

The kernel itself can be multithreaded, allowing it to efficiently manage and handle different tasks simultaneously.

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Fast Thread Switching (User Level Threads)

Thread switching doesn't require the operating system (kernel) to get involved, making it very fast.

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OS Portability (User Level Threads)

User level threads can run on any operating system, as long as the application has the necessary thread library.

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Custom Scheduling (User Level Threads)

Applications can tailor thread scheduling to their specific needs and requirements.

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What is a process?

A process is a running program. It's a dynamic entity that includes the program's code, data, resources used, and its current status.

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What's the difference between a program and a process?

A program is a static entity, a set of instructions, but it doesn't run on its own. A process is a dynamic instance of a program in execution.

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What does it mean when a process is in the 'Ready' state?

A process is waiting to use the processor to run its instructions. Basically, it's queued up to get some processor time.

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What does it mean when a process is in the 'Running' state?

A process is currently using the processor and executing its instructions.

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What does it mean when a process is in the 'Terminated' state?

A process has finished executing its instructions completely.

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What is a process control block (PCB)?

The process control block (PCB) is a data structure that stores information about a process, like its status, resources, and memory location. It's how the OS keeps track of each running program.

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What does it mean when a process is in the 'Waiting' state?

A process is waiting for an event to happen, such as an input/output operation to complete.

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What does it mean when a process is in the 'New' state?

A process is being created by the operating system. It's in the initial stage of its lifecycle.

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Many-to-One Model

A model where multiple user-level threads map to a single Kernel-level thread. Thread management is handled by the user, and a blocking system call blocks the entire process. Only one thread can access the Kernel at a time, preventing parallel execution on multiprocessors. This model is often used if the operating system doesn't support user-level threads.

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Many-to-Many Model

In this model, numerous user-level threads are mapped to an equal or smaller number of Kernel-level threads. The Kernel thread count might be specific to an application or machine. The model allows for parallel execution of Kernel threads on multiprocessors, and developers can create many user threads as needed. It offers flexibility and efficient use of Kernel resources.

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One-to-One Model

Each user-level thread has a corresponding Kernel-level thread. This provides greater concurrency than the Many-to-One model, as a blocking system call doesn't impact other threads. Parallel execution on multiprocessors is supported. However, creating a user thread requires creating a Kernel thread, potentially impacting resource consumption.

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Thread Switching in Kernel

A change in control flow from one thread to another within the same process requires a mode switch to the Kernel. This means the Kernel is involved in the management and scheduling of threads.

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Combined User-Level and Kernel-Level Thread Model

A combined approach where both user-level threads and Kernel-level threads are used. Solaris is an example of this approach. Multiple threads within an application can run in parallel on multiprocessors, and a blocking system call only blocks the specific thread, not the entire process. It offers a balance between flexibility and efficiency.

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What is a device driver?

A driver is a software program enabling communication between a hardware device and the operating system. It hides specific device features, allowing users to interact easily.

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What is the purpose of a file system?

A file system is a structured method for organizing files and directories. It allows the operating system to manage storage, access files efficiently, and provide user navigation.

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How does the operating system manage communication?

The operating system handles communication between processes in a network. It manages connection strategies, routing information, and ensuring security.

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How does the operating system manage storage media?

The operating system provides access to different types of storage media, like hard drives, floppy disks, and CDs or DVDs. Each medium has specific characteristics like speed and capacity.

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How does the operating system manage files?

The operating system manages file access by granting permissions, such as read-only or read-write. It also allows file creation, deletion, and backup.

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How does the operating system handle I/O operations?

The operating system allows programs to request access to I/O devices, managing the flow of data between them. It ensures efficient data exchange and device control.

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What is a distributed system?

A distributed system is a collection of computers connected through a network, working together without sharing memory or peripherals.

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How does communication happen in a distributed system?

Communication in a distributed system involves data transfer between processes, possibly on different computers. The operating system manages this communication, handling routing, connection, and security issues.

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External Fragmentation

When there is enough total memory, but it is not in one continuous block, so a process cannot use it.

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Internal Fragmentation

Unused space occurs within a memory block allocated to a process.

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Paging

A technique where physical memory is divided into fixed-size blocks called pages.

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Page Allocation

The process of allocating a process's pages into any available memory frames.

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Page Number (p)

The portion of an address that identifies the page in a process's logical address space.

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Page Offset (d)

The portion of an address that identifies the offset within a page.

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Segmentation

A technique that breaks memory into logically related segments, not necessarily of equal size.

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Benefits of Segmentation

Segments are allowed to vary in size, reducing internal fragmentation but not eliminating external fragmentation.

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Study Notes

Table of Contents

  • Operating System Teaching Material, prepared by Mr. Shambel Dechasa
  • Table of Contents (page i)
  • Chapter 1: Overview of Operating Systems (page 1)
  • Chapter 2: Types of Operating Systems (page 3)
  • Chapter 3: Operating System Services (page 5)
  • Chapter 4: Operating System Properties (page 8)
  • Chapter 5: Operating System Processes (page 12)
  • Chapter 6: Operating System Process Scheduling (page 14)
  • Chapter 7: Process Scheduling Algorithms (page 19)
  • Chapter 8: Operating System Multi-Threading (page 23)
  • Chapter 9: Memory Management (page 27)
  • Chapter 10: Virtual Memory (page 33)
  • Chapter 11: I/O Hardware (page 39)
  • Chapter 12: I/O Software (page 45).
  • Chapter 13: File System (page 48)
  • Chapter 14: Operating System Security (page 50)
  • Chapter 15: Linux Operating System (page 53)

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Operating Systems Teaching Material PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential concepts from the Operating Systems course, focusing on various types of operating systems, their properties, services, and specific components like process scheduling and memory management. Prepare to test your knowledge on key aspects of operating systems, including Linux. Challenge yourself to master these foundational topics!

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