Operating Systems & Networking Flashcards

Computer Systems

• A computer is a programmable machine capable of controlling symbols.
• Personal computers are small, single-user machines designed for home and business use, utilizing microprocessors.
• Workstations are advanced, single-user systems that feature more powerful microprocessors than standard PCs.
• Microprocessors are integrated circuits that serve as the main control unit of a computer.
• Minicomputers accommodate multiple users and can handle hundreds of simultaneous users.
• Mainframes are powerful multi-user systems capable of supporting hundreds to thousands of users at once.
• Supercomputers represent the fastest computing technology, executing hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

Operating Systems

• An operating system provides a layer of interaction between the user and the computer hardware.
• Real-time operating systems are utilized in applications requiring immediate processing, such as thermostats or spacecraft.
• Single-user single-task systems allow one action at a time, while single-user multi-tasking systems enable running multiple applications simultaneously.
• Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) facilitate user interaction without requiring knowledge of system communication languages.
• Multi-user operating systems support simultaneous program usage by multiple users.

Software and Programming

• Hardware encompasses all physical components, including monitors, mice, keyboards, and circuitry.
• Software consists of programs that guide computer operations by providing relevant instructions.
• Unix is designed to be a compact and adaptable system primarily for programmers.
• Linux is a version of Unix known for its open-source model, allowing users to modify the software.
• Source code refers to the foundational scripts and commands developed by creators that guide software functionality.
• A computer programmer is responsible for designing, writing, and installing applications.

Networking Concepts

• A network facilitates communication between two or more computers.
• Wireless connections allow for computer networking without physical cables.
• Electromagnetic waves transmit information across networks using light, radio, and microwaves.
• Local Area Networks (LAN) are privately owned networks confined to a limited geographic area.
• Wide Area Networks (WAN) connect computers across broader geographic locations.
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) are high-speed networks linking areas like campuses or large districts.
• Controlled Area Networks are designed for immediate control operations.
• Personal Area Networks (PAN) operate in the small vicinity around a user’s workspace.
• The Internet serves as a global publicly accessible network.

Network Services and Security

• Network messaging enables message exchange between computers via the Internet.
• A server facilitates resource sharing, allowing equipment like printers or files to be accessed by multiple users.
• A firewall acts as a protective barrier between computers and external Internet sites or networks.
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) uniquely identifies each computer among millions connected to the Internet.