Operating Systems Introduction (M 317)

Physical components of a computer system, like the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.

Set of programs that manage computer hardware and resources, providing services for applications and users.

Programs that assist in compiling, assembling, and linking code, which are essential for producing executable programs.

Programs designed to fulfill specific user needs, such as banking, reservations, or other tasks.

Early style of computer access where users had direct access to the computer. This was common very early in the history of computers.

Method of running jobs in sequence, where input data is processed in groups. Early OSs had systems like first-in, first-out scheduling.

A program that manages and controls computer hardware and software resources.

The tasks an operating system performs, such as controlling hardware, managing software, and providing a user interface.

The goals of an operating system, including convenience, efficiency, and ability to adapt.

An OS function that handles different programs and tasks (processes).

The coordination of processes to avoid conflicts when sharing computer resources.

The OS function of assigning and arranging which task that will run when.

A situation where several processes get stuck because of waiting for each other.

The OS function of controlling and allocating computer memory to processes.

The OS function of controlling the input/output devices of the computer.

The way OS organizes and stores files and data on the computer's storage.

The OS's function of safeguarding computer systems from unauthorized access and use.

Computer systems that are connected to share resources.

Operating Systems that allow only one user to work on the system at the given time.

Operating systems that allow multiple users to use the system concurrently.

Quickly switching between multiple processes to make it seem like the processor is working on them simultaneously

Running multiple programs at once on a single processor by rapidly switching between them.

Bringing parts of a program into memory only when needed, saving space.

Buffering I/O operations to make the I/O system work faster.

Running tasks based on importance, giving high priority tasks processing time first.

Submitting jobs to a computer from a remote location.

Processing jobs in groups, similar to a batch, without immediate user interaction.

A set of jobs with similar needs processed together.

Providing multiple users with access to a computer as if each has their own personal computer

File systems that allow users to access and modify files directly.

File systems organized like trees or hierarchies.

Operating system kernels that can easily add new features or functions.

Development and execution of programs with multiple concurrent activities.

Programming for multiple processors working on different subtasks to increase speed.

The core tasks performed by an operating system, including program creation, execution, input/output management, error handling, resource allocation, accounting, and protection.

An operating system designed for only one user at a time. Typically found on personal computers.

An operating system that allows multiple users to access and use the system simultaneously (time-sharing).

The operating system function that facilitates the creation of programs.

The operating system function that manages the running of programs.

The operating system function responsible for managing communication between the computer and input/output devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, printer).

The operating system function for identifying and reporting errors during a program's execution.

The operating system function for managing and allocating system resources (e.g., CPU time, memory) to programs.

The operating system function that tracks resource usage by different users or programs.

The operating system function that ensures resources are not misused, and that different users don't interfere with each other's work.

Central Processing Unit; the brain of the computer.

Retrieves instructions from memory.

Interprets the instructions.

Executes the instruction.

CPU that can work on multiple instructions at the same time in different stages.

CPU capable of executing multiple instructions simultaneously.

Computer's storage for instructions and data.

Handles communication with hard drive.

Manages video output.

Handles network communication.

Connects to USB peripherals.

A hierarchical organization of memory with different levels offering varying access latencies and capacities

Very fast memory locations for frequently accessed data, located in CPU

Faster than main memory, holds frequently accessed data from main memory

Primary computer memory used for temporary program storage, slower than cache, larger than registers

Secondary storage device with large capacity, slower than main memory or cache and slower access.

Storage media with the largest capacity but longest access latency, used for backups and archives

The time it takes to access data from a storage device. Measured in nanoseconds (ns), milliseconds (ms), or seconds.

Organization of data on a hard disk drive, with concentric tracks, sectors, and data read/write heads.

A specific portion of data on a hard disk, with fixed size in bytes (e.g., 256B-1KB)