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Questions and Answers
What is the primary responsibility of an operating system?
What is the primary responsibility of an operating system?
- Accessing I/O devices
- Developing computer software
- Managing computer resources (correct)
- Executing programs on the processor
Which key interface defines how an application's code should interact with the operating system?
Which key interface defines how an application's code should interact with the operating system?
- Application Binary Interface (ABI)
- Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
- Application Programming Interface (API) (correct)
- Controlled access to files
In the context of early computers with no operating system, how did programmers interact with the computer hardware?
In the context of early computers with no operating system, how did programmers interact with the computer hardware?
- Directly with display lights and toggle switches (correct)
- Through a graphical user interface
- Using voice commands
- Via a command-line interface
What was the main issue faced by users of early computers due to serial processing?
What was the main issue faced by users of early computers due to serial processing?
Which stage in the evolution of operating systems introduced the concept of allowing multiple users to access the system simultaneously?
Which stage in the evolution of operating systems introduced the concept of allowing multiple users to access the system simultaneously?
What contributes to the evolution of major operating systems over time?
What contributes to the evolution of major operating systems over time?
What are the three components contained in a process?
What are the three components contained in a process?
What is the purpose of the execution context in a process?
What is the purpose of the execution context in a process?
How many principal storage management responsibilities does the OS have?
How many principal storage management responsibilities does the OS have?
Which responsibility involves allowing programs to address memory from a logical point of view?
Which responsibility involves allowing programs to address memory from a logical point of view?
What aspect can be enhanced in an operating system by expanding the process context?
What aspect can be enhanced in an operating system by expanding the process context?
What is one of the functions of the contents of process registers in the execution context?
What is one of the functions of the contents of process registers in the execution context?
What does virtual memory allow processes to be comprised of?
What does virtual memory allow processes to be comprised of?
In the context of operating systems, what are some key issues that must be addressed?
In the context of operating systems, what are some key issues that must be addressed?
What is a common characteristic of the Microkernel architecture in operating systems?
What is a common characteristic of the Microkernel architecture in operating systems?
What is a primary responsibility of an Operating System in terms of resource management?
What is a primary responsibility of an Operating System in terms of resource management?
How does a virtual address reference a word within a program?
How does a virtual address reference a word within a program?
What differentiates the Symmetric multiprocessing approach in operating systems?
What differentiates the Symmetric multiprocessing approach in operating systems?
What was the primary purpose of early batch systems?
What was the primary purpose of early batch systems?
What is the role of the monitor in a batch system?
What is the role of the monitor in a batch system?
What is the purpose of a Job Control Language (JCL)?
What is the purpose of a Job Control Language (JCL)?
What is the significance of the statement "control is passed to a job"?
What is the significance of the statement "control is passed to a job"?
What is the purpose of memory protection in a batch system?
What is the purpose of memory protection in a batch system?
What is the purpose of the timer in a batch system?
What is the purpose of the timer in a batch system?
What is the primary advantage of using a multiprogrammed batch system?
What is the primary advantage of using a multiprogrammed batch system?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between user mode and kernel mode?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between user mode and kernel mode?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the overhead associated with a simple batch system?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the overhead associated with a simple batch system?
In a multiprogrammed batch system, what is the primary reason for switching between user programs?
In a multiprogrammed batch system, what is the primary reason for switching between user programs?
What is the term used to describe the concept of having multiple programs in memory and switching between them?
What is the term used to describe the concept of having multiple programs in memory and switching between them?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the purpose of interrupts in an operating system?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the purpose of interrupts in an operating system?
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Study Notes
Operating System Overview
- An operating system (OS) is responsible for managing a computer's resources, including program development, program execution, access to I/O devices, controlled access to files, system access, error detection and response, and accounting.
- An OS is a program or suite of programs executed by the processor, frequently relinquishing control and depending on the processor to regain control.
Key Interfaces
- Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
- Application Binary Interface (ABI)
- Application Programming Interface (API)
Evolution of Operating Systems
- OS evolves over time due to hardware upgrades, new types of hardware, new services, and fixes.
- Stages of evolution include:
- Time Sharing
- Multiprogrammed Systems
- Batch Systems
Batch Systems
- Early computers had no OS; programmers interacted directly with hardware.
- Users accessed computers in series, scheduling was a major problem.
- Simple Batch Systems used a monitor to control the sequence of events.
Process Management
- A process contains three components:
- Executable program
- Associated data
- Execution context (or "process state")
- The execution context is essential, including the contents of process registers, priority, and I/O events.
Virtual Memory
- A facility that allows programs to address memory logically, without regard to physical memory available.
- Conceived to meet the requirement of having multiple user jobs reside in main memory concurrently.
- Virtual memory consists of a page number and an offset within the page.
Security
- Main issues: availability, confidentiality, authenticity, and data integrity.
- Controlling access to computer systems and stored information is a major concern.
Scheduling and Resource Management
- Key OS responsibility is managing resources, considering efficiency, fairness, and differential responsiveness.
Different Architectural Approaches
- Microkernel architecture: assigns only essential functions to the kernel, simplifying implementation and providing flexibility.
- Multithreading
- Symmetric multiprocessing
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