Operating Systems and Software Faults

The primary function of the interrupt controller is to manage and redirect interrupt requests (IRQs) from various devices to the CPU.

The interrupt controller prioritizes multiple pending IRQs based on a predefined scheme before forwarding the highest priority IRQ to the CPU.

Hardware interrupts and software interrupts are two types of interrupts managed by an interrupt controller.

<p>If an IRQ is not handled by the CPU, it could lead to missed events, causing hardware malfunctions or degraded performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Intel 8259 PIC serves as a programmable interrupt controller that manages up to 8 IRQ lines, facilitating communication between devices and the CPU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IRQ cascading refers to the connection of additional interrupt controllers to manage more interrupt lines beyond the standard capacity of a single controller.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IRQ numbers uniquely identify devices connected to the interrupt controller, enabling the system to target specific devices during interrupt processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An illegal operation like division by zero generates a fault because it is an attempt to perform an undefined mathematical operation, leading the system to raise an exception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>I/O ports use specific port numbers assigned to device control registers, while memory-mapped devices map control registers into the physical address space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The operating system allocates and manages IRQs to ensure that different devices can signal the CPU without conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardware interrupts allow devices to signal the CPU that they require attention, facilitating efficient processing of events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IRQ types refer to the categorization of interrupts based on their priority and source, which affects how the CPU handles device requests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communication usually occurs through I/O ports or memory-mapped registers, enabling efficient data transfer between the microcontroller and peripherals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of an interrupt controller is to manage and prioritize interrupt requests from various devices, ensuring efficient CPU processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interrupt controllers manage multiple interrupt signals from devices and prioritize them, ensuring orderly processing by the CPU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IRQ management is significant because it allocates interrupt request lines to devices, preventing conflicts and ensuring that multiple devices can communicate effectively with the CPU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Device controllers may implement features such as parity bits, checksums, and CRCs for error checking and correction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wear leveling distributes write and erase cycles across the memory to extend the lifespan of SSD cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main types of interrupt requests are hardware interrupts, which are generated by hardware devices, and software interrupts, which are triggered by programs or processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardware interrupts benefit system performance by allowing devices to signal the CPU only when they need attention, freeing up CPU resources for other processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virtual address translation allows devices to operate using logical addresses while enabling the OS to manage memory more efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A microcontroller handles interrupts by responding to specific signals and executing corresponding routines to manage tasks quickly and efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restricting access to device control registers ensures that only the operating system can manage hardware resources, preventing unauthorized access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improper IRQ management can lead to IRQ conflicts, resulting in device malfunction, degraded performance, and system instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DMA controllers are necessary because they enable devices to transfer data directly to memory without constant CPU involvement, increasing system efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Software interrupts can temporarily halt the CPU's current processing to execute a specific function or task, impacting overall processing speed and efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interrupt vectors provide a mapping of interrupt request lines to their corresponding handler routines, simplifying the management of multiple hardware interrupts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polling involves the CPU repeatedly checking the status of a device, while interrupts allow devices to signal the CPU only when necessary, optimizing resource allocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Interrupt Controller manages multiple interrupt requests, prioritizing them and sending signals to the CPU to handle each request, thus allowing efficient processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IRQ management assigns unique interrupt request lines to devices, preventing conflicts and ensuring that the CPU can prioritize and handle interrupts effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardware interrupts are generated by physical devices to signal the CPU, while software interrupts are triggered by programs through system calls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microcontrollers receive and manage interrupt requests from attached peripherals, allowing them to perform time-sensitive processing without needing a full operating system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When a device issues an interrupt, it signals the Interrupt Controller, which determines the priority of the interrupt before notifying the CPU to halt other processes and address the interrupt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To manage interrupt signals and prioritize them for the CPU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It halts the current program, switches to supervisor mode, and processes the interrupt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An IRQ number is a unique identifier for each interrupt request, used to index the corresponding interrupt service routine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ISR handles specific tasks related to an interrupt once it is triggered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The new interrupt is withheld and scheduled for later processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modern interrupt controllers may use the bus for communication instead of dedicated wires.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The state of the current program must be saved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It holds the addresses of each interrupt handler indexed by their IRQ number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows the CPU to execute privileged operations required for handling the interrupt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Timer interrupt, keyboard interrupt, and mouse interrupt.</p> Signup and view all the answers