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Questions and Answers
What are the three main purposes of an operating system?
What are the three main purposes of an operating system?
- To play games, to browse the internet, and to watch videos
- To generate revenue, to control the power supply, and to regulate internet traffic
- To facilitate communication between the user and the hardware, to provide a platform for running applications, and to manage resources efficiently (correct)
- To produce music, to edit videos, and to write documents
When is it appropriate for the operating system to forsake the principle of efficient use of computing hardware?
When is it appropriate for the operating system to forsake the principle of efficient use of computing hardware?
- During low-demand periods when efficiency is less critical
- During high-demand periods when it's important to maintain system stability (correct)
- When the hardware is outdated and needs to be replaced
- In order to conserve energy and reduce power consumption
What is the main difficulty that a programmer must overcome in writing an operating system for a real-time environment?
What is the main difficulty that a programmer must overcome in writing an operating system for a real-time environment?
- Managing memory efficiently
- Guaranteeing timely responses to external events (correct)
- Optimizing graphics performance
- Ensuring compatibility with a wide range of devices
How does the distinction between kernel mode and user mode function as a rudimentary form of protection (security)?
How does the distinction between kernel mode and user mode function as a rudimentary form of protection (security)?
What is the purpose of memory partitioning in early computers?
What is the purpose of memory partitioning in early computers?
What is a potential problem caused by caches in computer systems?
What is a potential problem caused by caches in computer systems?
What distinguishes clustered systems from multiprocessor systems?
What distinguishes clustered systems from multiprocessor systems?
What is the purpose of interrupts in a CPU?
What is the purpose of interrupts in a CPU?
How does DMA (Direct Memory Access) minimize CPU overhead for high-speed I/O operations?
How does DMA (Direct Memory Access) minimize CPU overhead for high-speed I/O operations?
What distinguishes peer-to-peer systems from client–server systems?
What distinguishes peer-to-peer systems from client–server systems?
What is the use of multiple modes of operation in some CPUs?
What is the use of multiple modes of operation in some CPUs?
What are the potential benefits of using timers to compute the current time in a computer system?
What are the potential benefits of using timers to compute the current time in a computer system?
What problem may arise if a cache can be made as large as the device in a computer system?
What problem may arise if a cache can be made as large as the device in a computer system?
What is the purpose of master–slave replication in a database cluster software?
What is the purpose of master–slave replication in a database cluster software?
What is the primary difference between interrupts and traps in a CPU?
What is the primary difference between interrupts and traps in a CPU?
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Study Notes
- Early computers used memory partitions to protect the operating system, keeping it separate from user jobs and the OS itself.
- Difficulty 1: Memory partitioning can lead to resource inefficiency, as the OS cannot use the entire memory capacity.
- Difficulty 2: Implementing and managing memory partitions requires additional overhead and complexities.
- Some CPUs support multiple modes of operation.
- Use 1: To optimize performance based on the task at hand.
- Use 2: To provide different levels of security, with each mode allowing specific permissions.
- Timers can be used to compute the current time by counting elapsed clock cycles and converting them to seconds.
- Caches are useful for improving system performance by storing frequently used data closer to the CPU.
- Problem solved: Faster access to data and reduced load on the main memory system.
- Problem caused: Limited capacity and potential inconsistencies between main memory and cache.
- If a cache can be made as large as the device, it may not be necessary, but the cost and efficiency tradeoffs should be considered.
- Client–server systems have a central server that manages resources and services requests from multiple clients.
- Peer-to-peer systems allow direct communication and resource sharing between devices, with no central server.
- Clustered systems differ from multiprocessor systems in that multiple systems work together to provide a single service, closely cooperating for high availability.
- Database cluster software can manage access to data on the disk by implementing master–slave replication or using a distributed database management system.
- Master–slave replication: One master node manages updates, while multiple slave nodes serve read requests.
- Distributed database management system: Data is split across all nodes, allowing concurrent read and write access.
- Master–slave replication provides strong consistency but may limit scalability.
- Distributed database management systems offer high scalability but may introduce complexity and inconsistencies.
- Interrupts are signals sent to a CPU to request a response to an event, differing from traps that occur due to errors or intentional causes.
- Traps can be generated intentionally by user programs for debugging or system calls.
- Linux kernel variables HZ and jiffies can be used to determine the system's uptime by calculating the number of interrupts since the last boot.
- DMA (Direct Memory Access) is used to minimize CPU overhead for high-speed I/O operations.
- DMA controller interfaces with the CPU to initiate transfers and signals completion when done.
- DMA transfers do not interfere with user programs' execution, as the CPU can handle other tasks during transfer.
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