Operating System: Resource Management

• Systems administration and maintenance concerns operating systems

Uses of an Operating System

• An OS directs how a computer's resources, like the CPU, memory, and storage, are utilized
• It ensures smooth operation by managing resource allocation
• An OS allows user interaction with the computer, which allows the user to give instructions
• An OS keeps files sorted and easily accessible
• An OS helps in creation, deletion, and access of documents and photos while ensuring data safety and security
• An OS ensures programs run simultaneously without conflicts
• It tracks the activities and organization of each program
• An OS allocates the appropriate memory for each application
• This allows them to function effectively without consuming excessive space
• An OS safeguards computers from unauthorized entry through passwords and permission management
• OS makes it possible for computers to communicate with devices like printers or external hard drives
• It ensures proper operation between hardware components such as keyboard and mouse
• An OS manages network operations, so browsing is secure and efficient
• An OS monitors the computer's overall health
• It creates a secure environment for applications to run, similar to staging a performance
• It confirms everything is ready for software to be used without problems

Comparison Between Windows OS and UNIX OS

• Windows OS is developed by Microsoft, while UNIX OS has various developers like AT&T, BSD, and Linux
• Windows OS source code is closed and proprietary
• UNIX OS source code is open, with some proprietary versions
• Windows OS uses a GUI (Graphical User Interface), and UNIX OS uses a CLI (Command Line Interface) but supports GUI
• Windows OS uses NTFS, FAT32, and exFAT file systems
• UNIX OS uses ext4, XFS, JFS, UFS, and other UNIX file systems
• Windows OS is more prone to viruses and malware, while UNIX OS offers better security through permission-based access control
• Windows OS has limited customization, and UNIX OS is highly customizable, especially in Linux versions
• Windows OS system stability can decline over time due to registry issues
• UNIX OS is known for high stability and efficiency
• Windows OS supports multitasking but may slow down with heavy loads
• UNIX OS provides efficient multitasking and process management
• Windows OS uses administrator and user accounts, and UNIX OS offers strong user permissions and role management
• Windows OS supports a wide range of software and games
• UNIX OS is used for servers, development, and scientific computing
• Windows OS requires a paid license
• UNIX OS is mostly free, with some proprietary versions
• Windows OS is common in personal computing and businesses
• UNIX OS is widely used in servers, enterprise environments, and supercomputers

Installing Windows OS

• Installing or upgrading Windows OS ensures smooth, secure, and effective computer functions, requiring careful planning and execution

System Requirements Check

• Processor: 1 GHz or faster with at least 2 cores (64-bit)
• RAM: At least 4 GB (Windows 10/11)
• Storage: At least 64 GB free space
• Graphics: Compatible with DirectX 12 or later
• Internet Connection is required for activation and updates

Creating a Bootable Installation Media

• The Media Creation Tool, offered by Microsoft, is an official tool for creating a bootable USB
• Third-party tools like Rufus facilitate custom bootable media creation

Configuring BIOS/UEFI Settings

• Restart the PC and enter BIOS/UEFI by pressing F2, F12, Del, or Esc
• Set the USB drive or DVD as the primary boot device

Installing Windows

• Boot from the installation media
• Select language, time, and keyboard layout
• Click 'Install Now' and enter the product key if required
• Choose the installation type
• Custom Installation (Clean Install): Deletes all files and partitions
• Upgrade: Retains files and applications (available under specific conditions)
• Partition the drive if needed and install Windows

Completing the Installation

• Follow on-screen instructions to set up a user account, password, and privacy settings
• Install drivers and essential software
• Activate Windows using a valid product key

Upgrading Windows OS

• Upgrading Windows from an older version to a newer one grants access to the latest features, security improvements, and better performance

Checking Upgrade Compatibility

• Verify if the current system meets the minimum requirements for the new Windows version
• Use Windows PC Health Check (for Windows 11) to determine compatibility

Backup Important Data

• Create a full backup of important files before upgrading in case of upgrade failure

Checking Upgrade Compatibility

• Open Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update
• Check for updates and follow the prompts to upgrade

Using Media Creation Tool (Alternative)

• Download the official Windows Media Creation Tool from Microsoft
• Select "Upgrade this PC now" and follow the on-screen instructions

Performing an In-Place Upgrade

• This process upgrades to a newer version while keeping existing files and apps
• Run the Windows setup.exe from the installation media and select Upgrade

Post-Upgrade Steps

• Verify Windows activation
• Update device drivers
• Restore any missing files from the backup

Considerations for Installation and Upgrade

• Always create a backup before upgrading or reinstalling
• Ensure hardware drivers are available for the new OS
• Some older programs may not be compatible with the new Windows version
• Ensure a valid Windows license key is available