Podcast
Questions and Answers
The logical address is:
The logical address is:
- The address observed by the memory unit.
- The physical location of data in memory.
- generated by the CPU (correct)
- An address directly provided by the user.
What is the primary function of a Memory Management Unit (MMU)?
What is the primary function of a Memory Management Unit (MMU)?
- hardware device that at run time maps virtual to physical address (correct)
- software device that at run time maps virtual to physical address
- hardware device that at the compilation time maps virtual to physical address
- software device that at the compilation time maps virtual to physical address
What best describes virtual memory?
What best describes virtual memory?
- The allocation of physical memory to user processes.
- A memory area reserved for the operating system kernel.
- Direct access to physical memory by user applications.
- separation of user logical memory from physical memory (correct)
What is the primary benefit of Copy-on-Write (COW)?
What is the primary benefit of Copy-on-Write (COW)?
What is the primary goal of mutual exclusion in operating systems?
What is the primary goal of mutual exclusion in operating systems?
What is implied when a system is described as being in a 'safe state'?
What is implied when a system is described as being in a 'safe state'?
How do readers and writers interact with datasets in the readers-writers problem?
How do readers and writers interact with datasets in the readers-writers problem?
In Java synchronization, what is the outcome of a thread calling notify()?
In Java synchronization, what is the outcome of a thread calling notify()?
What is the primary purpose of a mutex?
What is the primary purpose of a mutex?
In the context of operating systems, what is a semaphore?
In the context of operating systems, what is a semaphore?
When is preemptive scheduling used?
When is preemptive scheduling used?
How does Round Robin (RR) scheduling allocate CPU time?
How does Round Robin (RR) scheduling allocate CPU time?
What best describes the Many-to-One thread model?
What best describes the Many-to-One thread model?
What is the purpose of signals in UNIX/Linux systems?
What is the purpose of signals in UNIX/Linux systems?
A process is
A process is
All Operating Systems offer
All Operating Systems offer
What do all the devices (from a smart watch to a cluster HPC) share in common?
What do all the devices (from a smart watch to a cluster HPC) share in common?
Typically, masquerading refers to what type of security breach?
Typically, masquerading refers to what type of security breach?
What does the term 'malware' broadly refer to?
What does the term 'malware' broadly refer to?
What is the key concept behind 'rings of protection'?
What is the key concept behind 'rings of protection'?
Linux is ...
Linux is ...
Select the services offered by Operating Systems
Select the services offered by Operating Systems
An Access matrix
An Access matrix
Type 0 hypervisors are...
Type 0 hypervisors are...
Paravirtualization
Paravirtualization
- In the context of cryptography, brute-Force Attack...
- In the context of cryptography, brute-Force Attack...
The Caser Cipher
The Caser Cipher
What does UDP stand for
What does UDP stand for
TCP stand for...
TCP stand for...
TLS stands for...
TLS stands for...
Secure Shell (SSH) is
Secure Shell (SSH) is
A container is...
A container is...
Microservices are
Microservices are
Vulnerabilities, in containers, can possibly exist in..
Vulnerabilities, in containers, can possibly exist in..
Select the steps that help to keep your containers ecosystems secure...
Select the steps that help to keep your containers ecosystems secure...
In the context of Cloud Computing, the properties and characteristics are
In the context of Cloud Computing, the properties and characteristics are
Fault-tolerance is
Fault-tolerance is
In heterogeneous computing, domain decomposition involves..
In heterogeneous computing, domain decomposition involves..
Why are race conditions so difficult to manage?
Why are race conditions so difficult to manage?
Edge Computing devices are
Edge Computing devices are
Advantages of Enabling Edge Computing
Advantages of Enabling Edge Computing
What output is produced by the following?
System.out.println("X: " + 25);
System.out.println("Y: " + (15 + 50));
System.out.println("Z: " + 300 + 50);
What output is produced by the following?
System.out.println("X: " + 25); System.out.println("Y: " + (15 + 50)); System.out.println("Z: " + 300 + 50);
Which of the following println statements produces the following output:
"Thank you all for coming to my home tonight,"
he said mysteriously.
Which of the following println statements produces the following output:
"Thank you all for coming to my home tonight,"
he said mysteriously.
How many bits would you need to represent each of the 50 United States using a unique permutation of bits?
How many bits would you need to represent each of the 50 United States using a unique permutation of bits?
Which of the following are valid identifiers?
Which of the following are valid identifiers?
What is the output of the following code:
String var_a="c";
String var_b="c";
if (var_a.equals(var_b)){
System.out.println("A and B have the same value!");
}
else{
System.out.println("A and B do not have the same value!");
}
What is the output of the following code: String var_a="c"; String var_b="c"; if (var_a.equals(var_b)){ System.out.println("A and B have the same value!"); } else{ System.out.println("A and B do not have the same value!"); }
) What is the output of the following code:
for(int i=10;i>-1;--i)
{
System.out.print((i+1)+" ");
}
) What is the output of the following code: for(int i=10;i>-1;--i) { System.out.print((i+1)+" "); }
What is the output of the following code:
for(int i=0;I<=0;I++)
{
Console.writeline((i+1)+" ");
}
What is the output of the following code: for(int i=0;I<=0;I++) { Console.writeline((i+1)+" "); }
What is the output generated by the following code:
import java.io.FileWriter; // Import the FileWriter class
import java.io.IOException; // Import the IOException class to handle errors
public class WriteToFile {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
FileWriter myWriter = new FileWriter("filename.txt");
myWriter.write("Files in Java might be tricky, but it is fun enough!");
myWriter.close();
System.out.println("Successfully wrote to the file.");
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("An error occurred.");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
What is the output generated by the following code: import java.io.FileWriter; // Import the FileWriter class import java.io.IOException; // Import the IOException class to handle errors public class WriteToFile { public static void main(String[] args) { try { FileWriter myWriter = new FileWriter("filename.txt"); myWriter.write("Files in Java might be tricky, but it is fun enough!"); myWriter.close(); System.out.println("Successfully wrote to the file."); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("An error occurred."); e.printStackTrace(); } } }
Flashcards
What is a logical address?
What is a logical address?
The address generated by the CPU.
What is a Memory Management Unit (MMU)?
What is a Memory Management Unit (MMU)?
A hardware device that at runtime maps virtual addresses to physical addresses.
What is virtual memory?
What is virtual memory?
Separation of user logical memory from physical memory.
What does Copy-on-Write (COW) allow?
What does Copy-on-Write (COW) allow?
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What does mutual exclusion mean?
What does mutual exclusion mean?
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Semaphore (in OS context)
Semaphore (in OS context)
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Many-to-One thread model
Many-to-One thread model
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What are Signals used for?
What are Signals used for?
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What is a process?
What is a process?
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Valid states for a process
Valid states for a process
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Services offered by OS
Services offered by OS
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Core shared component of devices
Core shared component of devices
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Masquerading (breach authentication)
Masquerading (breach authentication)
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What does Malware refer to?
What does Malware refer to?
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Rings of protection
Rings of protection
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What is an Access Matrix?
What is an Access Matrix?
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Type 0 hypervisors
Type 0 hypervisors
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Paravirtualization
Paravirtualization
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Brute-Force Attack
Brute-Force Attack
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The Caesar Cipher
The Caesar Cipher
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Study Notes
- This class test consists of 30 questions from a question bank.
- Twelve correct answers needed to pass.
- Each question is worth 1 mark, contributing to the overall GBA grade.
- The time limit for the test is 30 minutes, conducted during a scheduled lab session.
- No external resources are permitted during the test.
- A valid ID is required for the test.
- Lab tutors will supervise students during the test.
Logical Address
- Generated by the CPU.
Memory Management Unit (MMU)
- A hardware device that maps virtual addresses to physical addresses at runtime.
Virtual Memory
- A separation of user logical memory from physical memory.
Copy-on-Write (COW)
- Allows both parent and child processes to initially share the same memory pages.
Mutual Exclusion
- Only one process can use a resource at any given time.
Safe State
- No deadlocks will occur in a safe state.
Readers-Writers Problem
- Readers and writers can read/write the dataset.
Java Synchronisation and notify()
- An arbitrary thread T is selected from the wait set in Java synchronisation.
- Thread T moves from the wait set to the entry set.
- The state of thread T is set from blocked to runnable.
Mutex
- A mutual exclusion lock.
Semaphore (in OS Context)
- An integer variable is used to solve the critical section problem by using two atomic operations, wait and signal for process synchronization.
Preemptive Scheduling
- A process switches from running to ready or from waiting to ready.
Round Robin (RR) Scheduling
- Each process is allocated the same amount of CPU time.
Many-to-One Thread Model
- Many user-level threads are mapped to a single kernel thread.
Signals (in UNIX/Linux)
- Signals are used to notify a process that a particular event has occurred.
Process Definition
- A program in execution.
Valid States for a Process
- New
- Running
- Waiting
- Ready
- Paused
- Terminated
Services Offered by Operating Systems
- User Interface
- Program execution
- I/O Operations
- File-system manipulation
- Communication
- Error Detection
- Resource Allocation
- Logging
- Protection and Security
What All Operating Systems Offer
- A User Interface (UI).
Common Element in Devices from Smart Watch to HPC Cluster
- Kernel
Linux
- A Kernel.
Masquerading (Breach Authentication)
- Pretending to be an authorised user to escalate privileges.
Malware
- Software is designed to exploit, disable, or damage a computer.
Rings of Protection
- Separate functions into domains and order them.
Access Matrix
- A table that defines access permissions between specific subjects and objects.
Type 0 Hypervisors
- Hardware-based solutions support virtual machine creation and management via firmware.
Paravirtualization
- Guest OS is modified to work with VMM to optimize performance.
Brute-Force Attack (Cryptography)
- Involves trying every possible key until an intelligible plaintext translation is obtained.
Caesar Cipher
- Replaces each letter with the letter N places down the alphabet.
UDP
- User Datagram Protocol and is an Unreliable data transport protocol.
TCP
- Transmission Control Protocol and is a Reliable data transport protocol.
TLS
- Transport Layer Security
Secure Shell (SSH)
- A protocol for simple and inexpensive secure network communications.
Container
- An app layer abstraction which packages code and dependencies together.
Microservices
- Highly maintainable and testable
- Loosely coupled
- Independently deployable
- Organised around business capabilities
- Owned by a small team
Container Vulnerabilities
- Container configurations
- Container packages
- Application Libraries
Steps to Secure Container Ecosystems
- Check the integrity of images.
- Sign to validate pipeline phases.
- Consume only trusted content for tagged Docker builds.
- Ensure the container was generated by a trusted publisher.
Cloud Computing Properties and Characteristics
- High scalability and elasticity
- High availability and reliability
- High manageability and interoperability
- High accessibility and portability
- High performance and optimization
Fault-Tolerance
- Property enabling system to operate properly despite component failures.
Heterogeneous Computing - Domain Decomposition
- Deciding how data elements should be divided among processors
- Deciding which tasks each processor should be doing
Managing Race Conditions
- Programs with race conditions exhibit non-deterministic behaviour
- Sometimes the result is incorrect
- Programs work correctly on trivial data sets and small number of threads
- Errors are more likely to occur when the number of threads or execution time increases
Edge Computing Devices
- Devices like sensors and machines can be outfitted to work in edge computing.
Advantages of Enabling Edge Computing
- Speed is increased
- Reliability is increased
- Random issues are reduced
- Compliance issues are reduced
- Hacking issues are reduced
Code Output
- X: 25
- Y: 65
- Z: 30050
println Statements
System.out.println("\"Thank you all for \"" + "coming to my home tonight,\"\n he said \" + \"mysteriously.\");Produces the following output:"Thank you all for coming to my home tonight,"he said mysteriously.
Bits to Represent 50 States
- Requires 6 bits for a unique permutation of 50 US states.
Valid Java Identifiers
- grade
- quizGrade
- NetworkConnection
- frame2
- MAXIMUM
- MIN_CAPACITY
Code Output
- "A and B have the same value!"
Code Output
- 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Code Output
- 1
Code Output
- Writes "Successfully wrote to the file." in the terminal and "Files in Java might be tricky, but it is fun enough!" Into the file filename.txt.
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