Operating System Concepts - Bootstrapping and System Programs

Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes Megabyte (MB) = 1024^2 bytes Gigabyte (GB) = 1024^3 bytes Terabyte (TB) = 1024^4 bytes

Hard disks = Rigid metal or glass platters covered with magnetic recording material Solid-state disks = Faster than hard disks, nonvolatile Main memory = The only large storage media that the CPU can access directly, typically volatile Cache = Copies information into faster storage system, with main memory viewed as a cache for secondary storage

Caching = Copying information into faster storage system; main memory can be viewed as a cache for secondary storage Device Driver = Manages I/O by providing a uniform interface between controller and kernel Multiprogramming = Organizes jobs so that CPU always has one to execute, a subset of total jobs is kept in memory Dual-mode operation = Allows the OS to protect itself and other system components by distinguishing when the system is running user code or kernel code

<p>Bit = Basic unit of computer storage Byte = A collection of 8 bits Word = A computer architecture's native unit of data Firmware = Software that is embedded into a hardware device</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bootstrap program = Loaded at power-up or reboot to initialize all aspects of the system ROM = Read-only memory used to store the bootstrap program EPROM = Erasable programmable read-only memory to store firmware Native word size = The size of a computer's native unit of data for executing operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Numbers, letters, images, movies, sounds = Represented using collections of bits Byte-level operations = Commonly executed on most computers due to the convenience of byte as a storage chunk 64-bit registers and memory addressing = Typically associated with 64-bit (8-byte) words Move a bit instruction = Less common compared to moving a byte instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>User Mode = Allows only a subset of instructions to be executed Kernel Mode = Has unrestricted access to hardware and memory Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) Mode = Manages guest virtual machines Transition from User to Kernel Mode = Involves setting a timer to prevent infinite loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protection = Mechanism for controlling access of processes or users to OS resources Security = Defense of the system against internal and external attacks User ID = Identity associated with a specific user, including name and number Group ID = Allows definition of a set of users and management of access controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Denial-of-Service = Disrupts services to legitimate users, making them unavailable Worms = Self-replicating malware that spreads across networks Viruses = Malicious software that attaches itself to legitimate programs and spreads when executed Identity Theft = Unauthorized use of an individual's personal data for fraudulent purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Privilege Escalation = Ability for a user to gain more rights than originally assigned Timer Interrupt = Used to prevent processes from hogging resources or entering infinite loops User and Group Identifiers = Associated with files and processes to determine access control VMM Mode for Guest VMs = Responsible for managing virtual machines running on a host system</p> Signup and view all the answers