24 Questions
What is the process of eliminating a behavior by removing the associated reward?
Extinction
What theory states that high probability behavior reinforces low probability behavior?
Premack theory
What is the power of secondary reinforcement dependent on?
Salience of the primary reinforcer
What can diminish over time without occasional presentation of the primary reinforcer?
Incentive salience of the conditioned reinforcer
What are used to teach and maintain normal behavior in psychiatric institutions?
Token economies
What can teach complex sequences of events by breaking them down into individual tasks?
Chaining behavior
What is the process that involves starting with the last response and working backwards to the beginning?
Backwards training
What can be exchanged for basic amenities such as meals, snacks, and game room privileges?
Tokens
What reinforces each step in naturally occurring order?
Forward training
What can lead to continued behavior even when the reward is contingent upon a new response?
Incentive salience
What involves a series of videos and rewards at the end to train a chain of behaviors?
Chaining behavior
What is the process of eliminating unwanted behaviors by removing the associated reward?
Extinction
What did Edward Thorndike introduce in relation to operant conditioning?
The Law of Effect, stating that behavior changes due to consequences
What are Skinner Boxes used for?
Studying operant conditioning by allowing organisms to operate the environment to achieve desirable outcomes
Which of the following is a schedule of reinforcement affecting learning and performance?
Fixed-ratio
What are the principles for recognition to change behavior in operant conditioning?
Shaping, chaining, extinction, and stimulus control
What does operant conditioning involve in terms of consequences?
Positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative reinforcement, and negative punishment
What is associated with different types of reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?
Aversive consequences and emotional associations
Which schedule of reinforcement leads to fast rates of responding and higher resistance to extinction?
Variable ratio
What does the relationship between behavior and consequences in operant conditioning depend on?
Whether the outcome is appetitive or aversive
What affects the effectiveness of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
The intensity, amount, and quality of reinforcer, as well as individual differences
What produces distinct patterns of behavior in operant conditioning?
Different schedules of reinforcement, including fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval
What did Edward Thorndike introduce as a key concept in operant conditioning?
The Law of Effect, stating that behavior changes due to consequences
Which term refers to the reduction of a behavior's occurrence through the removal of a desirable stimulus?
Negative punishment
Study Notes
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement
- Operant conditioning involves learning how responses lead to outcomes and changing behavior based on desired outcomes or avoidance of undesired outcomes.
- Edward Thorndike was the first to describe operant conditioning and introduced the Law of Effect, which states that behavior changes due to consequences.
- Skinner Boxes, named after B. Skinner, are used to study operant conditioning, where organisms operate the environment to achieve desirable outcomes.
- Different schedules of reinforcement, such as continuous, intermittent, fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval, affect learning and performance.
- Principles for recognition to change behavior include shaping, chaining, extinction, and stimulus control.
- Operant conditioning involves positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative reinforcement, and negative punishment, each with specific effects on behavior.
- Aversive consequences and emotional associations are associated with different types of reinforcement and punishment.
- Different schedules of reinforcement, including fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval, produce distinct patterns of behavior.
- The resistance to extinction is higher with variable schedules, and they can lead to fast rates of responding.
- The relationship between behavior and consequences in operant conditioning is more under the control of the subject and depends on whether the outcome is appetitive or aversive.
- Reinforcement and punishment, as well as different schedules of reinforcement, produce different patterns of behavior.
- The intensity, amount, and quality of reinforcer, as well as individual differences, affect the effectiveness of reinforcement.
Test your knowledge of operant conditioning and reinforcement with this quiz! Explore the principles of operant conditioning, including different schedules of reinforcement, types of reinforcement and punishment, and their effects on behavior. See how well you understand the concepts introduced by Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner, and the factors influencing the effectiveness of reinforcement.
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