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Questions and Answers
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
Which of the following describes negative punishment?
Which of the following describes negative punishment?
What is a potential consequence of using punishment as a behavioral intervention?
What is a potential consequence of using punishment as a behavioral intervention?
How should alternative behaviors be reinforced to decrease unwanted behaviors?
How should alternative behaviors be reinforced to decrease unwanted behaviors?
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Which type of operant conditioning involves adding an aversive consequence?
Which type of operant conditioning involves adding an aversive consequence?
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What type of reinforcement leads to faster acquisition of a response?
What type of reinforcement leads to faster acquisition of a response?
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Which reinforcement schedule requires a specific number of responses before a reinforcer is delivered?
Which reinforcement schedule requires a specific number of responses before a reinforcer is delivered?
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What is true about behavior persistence under partial reinforcement?
What is true about behavior persistence under partial reinforcement?
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Which reinforcement schedule is exemplified by being paid for the number of items produced?
Which reinforcement schedule is exemplified by being paid for the number of items produced?
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Which reinforcement results in the highest response rates?
Which reinforcement results in the highest response rates?
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What distinguishes variable ratio schedules from fixed ratio schedules?
What distinguishes variable ratio schedules from fixed ratio schedules?
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What is the outcome of increased variability in partial reinforcement schedules?
What is the outcome of increased variability in partial reinforcement schedules?
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Why is operant conditioning often considered voluntary behavior?
Why is operant conditioning often considered voluntary behavior?
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What principle explains that actions rewarded are more likely to be repeated?
What principle explains that actions rewarded are more likely to be repeated?
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Which term describes the set of environmental cues in operant conditioning?
Which term describes the set of environmental cues in operant conditioning?
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Which type of conditioning focuses on learning behaviors through the consequences of actions?
Which type of conditioning focuses on learning behaviors through the consequences of actions?
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What does reinforcement in operant conditioning do?
What does reinforcement in operant conditioning do?
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In operant conditioning, what are primary reinforcers?
In operant conditioning, what are primary reinforcers?
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What is shaping in the context of operant conditioning?
What is shaping in the context of operant conditioning?
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Which statement best describes the difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?
Which statement best describes the difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?
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What process involves breaking down a complex behavior into simpler steps for reinforcement?
What process involves breaking down a complex behavior into simpler steps for reinforcement?
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What effect might a less desirable food reward have on the rate of response in operant conditioning?
What effect might a less desirable food reward have on the rate of response in operant conditioning?
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Which option accurately represents punishment in operant conditioning?
Which option accurately represents punishment in operant conditioning?
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Study Notes
Operant Conditioning
- Organisms learn to behave in order to obtain or avoid consequences.
- It's also called instrumental conditioning.
- Feedback, like rewards and punishments, are used to shape behavior.
- Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect: actions leading to rewards increase, while those with punishments decrease.
- Thorndike's experiments with puzzle boxes demonstrated this.
- Actions associated with positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated.
Reinforcement
- Reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior occurring again.
- Reinforcement comes in different forms.
- Positive reinforcement: adding something desirable.
- Example: an allowance given for cleaning a room
- Negative reinforcement: removing something undesirable.
- Example: taking aspirin to relieve headache
Punishment
- Punishment decreases the probability of a behavior occurring again.
- Positive punishment: adding something unpleasant.
- Example: scolding a sibling for teasing.
- Negative punishment: removing something desirable.
- Example: taking away a toy for misbehavior
Discriminative Stimulus & Outcome
- A discriminative stimulus (Sd) is a cue to the environment.
- Action in the presence of the Sd is known as the response (R).
- Outcome (O) can be intrinsic in value or predictive of value.
- Primary outcomes are intrinsically valuable (food, pain).
- Secondary outcomes predict access to primary ones (money).
Expectation of Outcome
- The rate of response changes when outcomes change.
- Transitioning to a less desirable reward will reduce response.
Classical Conditioning vs Operant Conditioning
- Classical conditioning focuses on associations between stimuli, while operant conditioning focuses on the consequences of behavior.
- An outcome in classical conditioning occurs irrespective on whether the organism performs an action, whereas operant conditioning's outcome hinges on the action.
Shaping
- Shaping is refining a desired complex behavior by reinforcing successive approximations.
- Start with a simple behavior and consistently reward it until it becomes more complex
- This is one of the methods that can be used to develop very complex behaviors
Building Complex Behaviors
- Chain behaviors to create a complex sequence
- Separate actions into steps and reinforce each step until complete.
Types of Operant Conditioning
- Positive reinforcement: adding something positive to increase behavior
- Positive punishment: adding something unpleasant to decrease behavior
- Negative reinforcement: removing something unpleasant to increase behavior
- Negative punishment: removing something positive to decrease behavior
Reinforcement Schedules
- Continuous reinforcement strengthens behavior quickly.
- Partial reinforcement strengthens behavior more resistant to extinction.
- Different schedules result in varied response rates and resistance.
Habits
- Well-learned habits are automatic.
- Habits are triggered by cues from the environment.
- Habits can interfere with conscious goals or intentions.
- External factors can disrupt habits.
Different Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors (DRA)
- Decrease the desired behavior by reinforcing the alternative behavior which is incompatible with the unwanted behavior.
Immediate Reinforcement
- Leads to faster acquisition of a response compared to delayed reinforcement
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Description
Explore the concepts of operant conditioning, including reinforcement and punishment. Understand how behaviors can be shaped through rewards and consequences, drawing from Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect. Test your knowledge on positive and negative reinforcements and the different forms of punishment.
