OpenStax A&P Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the study of bodily structures called?

Physiology

Biology

Anatomy (correct)

Homeostasis

What is gross anatomy?

Study of body's larger structures

What is microscopic anatomy?

Study of bodily structures that can only be observed with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices

What is regional anatomy?

Study of the interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region Signup and view all the answers

What does systemic anatomy focus on?

Study of the structures that make up specific body systems Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things Signup and view all the answers

What is a cell?

Smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism Signup and view all the answers

What are organelles?

Tiny functioning units within a cell Signup and view all the answers

What is tissue?

Group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function Signup and view all the answers

What is an organ?

Anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types Signup and view all the answers

What defines an organ system?

Group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolism?

Sum of chemical (anabolic and catabolic) reactions that take place in the body Signup and view all the answers

What role does adenosine triphosphate (ATP) play in cells?

Chemical compound that is the energy currency of cells Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by responsiveness in biological terms?

Ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an anabolic process?

Assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a catabolic process?

Breakdown of more complex molecules into simpler ones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement of life?

Ability to fly Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position?

Position of the body whereby it is upright, feet shoulder width apart and parallel, toes forward Signup and view all the answers

What is the dorsal cavity?

Posterior body cavity that houses the brain and the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What does the ventral cavity include?

Larger body cavity located anterior to the dorsal cavity, housing various organs Signup and view all the answers

What is a serous membrane?

Membrane that covers organs and reduces friction Signup and view all the answers

What is an x-ray?

A form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids Signup and view all the answers

What is computed tomography (CT)?

Noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze cross-sectional X-rays Signup and view all the answers

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Medical imaging technique that generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy Basics

Anatomy is the study of bodily structures, crucial for understanding human physiology.
Gross anatomy focuses on larger body structures, such as the brain, while microscopic anatomy examines structures only visible through microscopes.

Anatomical Specializations

Regional anatomy studies interrelationships of structures within specific body regions, such as the abdomen.
Systemic anatomy studies structures of specific body systems, like the nervous system.

Cell and Tissue Structures

The cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of life.
Organelles are tiny units within cells that perform specific tasks.
Tissues are groups of similar cells working together for specific functions.
Organs are distinct anatomical structures comprised of multiple types of tissues, fulfilling various physiological functions.
An organ system consists of groups of organs collaborating to meet the body's physiological needs.

Homeostasis and Life Processes

Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions.
Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions, including anabolism (building complex molecules, which consumes energy) and catabolism (breaking down molecules, which releases energy).
Responsiveness is an organism's ability to adjust to environmental changes.

Developmental Processes

Development encompasses the changes an organism undergoes, including differentiation (unspecialized cells becoming specialized), growth (increase in size), and reproduction (formation of new organisms).

Requirements for Life

Essential requirements include oxygen, nutrients (water, macronutrients, micronutrients), specific temperature ranges (around 37°C or 98.6°F), and atmospheric pressure.

Homeostatic Mechanisms

Sweating cools the body through evaporation, while shivering generates heat through muscle activity.
Negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis, involving sensors, control centers, and effectors to regulate physiological values around set points.

Anatomical Position and Terminology

The anatomical position refers to an upright body stance with feet parallel and toes forward.
Directional terms include anterior (front), posterior (back), superior (above), inferior (below), lateral (side), medial (middle), proximal (closer to point of attachment), and distal (farther from point of attachment).

Anatomical Planes and Cavities

Planes include sagittal (divides right and left), midsagittal (equal halves), parasagittal (unequal sides), frontal (anterior and posterior), and transverse (superior and inferior).
Cavities:
- The dorsal cavity houses the brain and spinal cord.
- The ventral cavity includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, containing vital organs like the heart, lungs, and digestive organs.
Serous membranes, such as the pleura (lungs) and pericardium (heart), reduce friction around organs.

Imaging Techniques

X-rays utilize high-energy radiation to visualize structures, especially bones.
CT scans provide detailed cross-sectional images using multiple X-rays analyzed by computers.
MRI creates detailed images through magnetic fields and radio waves.
PET scans trace radiopharmaceuticals to observe metabolic activities.
Ultrasonography employs ultrasonic waves to visualize body structures non-invasively.

Cellular Renewal and Repair

Renewal is the process of replacing worn-out cells to maintain optimal body function.

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Description

Test your knowledge of anatomy with these flashcards from OpenStax A&P Chapter 1. The flashcards cover key terms such as anatomy, gross anatomy, and microscopic anatomy, along with their definitions and examples. Perfect for students wanting to reinforce their understanding of bodily structures.