Online Deception: Phishing, Spam, and Astroturfing

• Phishing: Malicious websites trick users into revealing personal information.
• Email spam: Unsolicited commercial messages that sometimes contain malware or phishing links.
• Astroturfing: The practice of using fake online accounts to create the impression that an organization, individual, or idea is more popular than it actually is.
  • This includes leaving comments that are more favorable to one side and bestowing likes.

Butler Lies

• Meant to manage one's availability for current or future interpersonal contact, similar to how a butler would.
• For example, saying you are on the way when you have not left your house yet.
• Utilized in texting as a way to cope with the social demands for availability that texting imposes, and are told to maintain relationships.

Extended Real-Life Hypothesis

• SNS profiles should accurately reflect users' personalities.
• Users do not want to appear deceptive to audiences who know them well.

Idealized Virtual-Identity Hypothesis

• Users should take advantage of composition time and editing to create embellished versions of themselves to impress audiences.

Cyberbullying

• An aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual via electronic means, repeatedly and over time, against a victim who cannot defend themselves.
• Cyber aggression: Intentional harmful actions via technology, without the element of power imbalance and repetition.
• Cyber incivility: Rude behavior via Information and Communication Technologies like email or text messages.
• Direct cyberbullying: Aggressive acts limited to the perpetrator and victim.
• Indirect cyberbullying: Occurs on multiple media platforms, potentially involving a much larger audience than just the perpetrator and victim.
• Negative outcomes of cyberbullying: Include higher anxiety, depression, loneliness, greater suicidal thoughts, lower self-esteem, and poor academic performance.

Technology Use & Cyberbullying

• Type of technology used by individuals of a specific age group.
  • Elementary students: video games.
  • Adolescents: SNSs.
  • Adults: Massive multiplayer online games.
• Victimization correlates with time spent online, especially for social purposes and risky behaviors, posing a large risk.

Personality, Beliefs & Cyberbullying Victimization

• Youth who feel they have more peer support are less likely to be cyberbullied.

Parental Behaviors to Prevent Cyberbullying

• Parental warmth, family support, positive parent-adolescent relationships, parental rules and monitoring, and collaborative strategies.

Personality, Beliefs & Cyberbully Perpetrators

• Low self-esteem, low cognitive or affective empathy, internalizing behaviors, low self-control, and high levels of thrill-seeking, and impulsivity.
  • Dark-side traits: Maladaptive traits such as psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism.

Types of Social Media

• Broadcast self-media: Users broadcast updates and posts (e.g., Twitter).
• Targeted relationship media: Two-way connection, for building and maintaining relationships (e.g., Facebook, WeChat).
• Collaboration media: Content-based and task-oriented, for collaboration, knowledge building, problem-solving, and reputation (e.g., Wikipedia).
• Creative outlets: Content sharing broadcast platforms, users create and share content (e.g., YouTube).

Social Media Platforms

• Include blogs, microblogs, SNSs, business networks, enterprise social networks, collaborative projects, forums, picture sharing, video sharing, product/service reviews, social bookmarks, virtual social worlds, social gaming, crowdsourcing.

Motivations for Using Social Media

• Need for information.
• Need for entertainment.
• Need for social connection.
• Need for strengthening ego.
• Need for self-actualization.

Flow

• A psychological state of feeling cognitively efficient, motivated, and happy simultaneously.

Privacy Management Tactics

• Network Based: Users decide who to friend or follow, filtering their network.
• Platform based: Choosing privacy settings to control who sees posts (friends only).
• Content based: Being cautious about the information posted.
• Profile based: Less common, uses multiple accounts (personal, professional, fun).

Privacy Boundaries

• Relationship: Regulates who is in one's network and the appropriate interactions for the relationship type.
• Network: Regulates access to one's social connections and interactions.
• Territorial: Regulates content for personal consumption and what's available in interactional spaces.
• Disclosure: Regulates personal and co-owned information disclosed to one's social network.
• Interactional: Regulates potential interaction with those in and out of the social network.

Coping Strategies for Maintaining Privacy on Social Media

• Filtering: Selecting who is accepted into online social circle for relational boundaries.
• Ignoring: Ignoring posts and skimming through information.
• Blocking: Extreme approach for interaction boundary management compared to filtering and ignoring, leads to lower levels of reported usage.
• Withdrawal: Deleting account, censoring posts, or avoiding confrontation.
• Aggression: Defensive mechanism used when the intention is to create interactions that may be confrontational, seek revents or get attention.
• Compliance: Giving into pressures and adjusting one's interpersonal boundary preferences for others.
• Compromise: Managing social media boundary violation by communicating with the other person involved and finding a resolution, mainly with close friends via email, phone, or message.

Equalization Phenomenon

• Predicts reduced participation rate between group members of different status in text-based CMC.

Empowering Effect

• CMC lowers social expectations and risks of social sanctions, stimulating participation and reducing apprehension in revealing an authentic self, leading to increased participation.

Findings: Cultural Differences, CMC/Face-to-Face Communication, & Participation Rate

• Effects were significant for communication media and expert culture, qualified by a significant interaction effect.
• Significant differences in participation rates between American and Chinese experts in FtF groups, with approximately equal participation in CMC groups.
• Results show moderation effect of the communication medium in equalizing participation rate between Chinese and American members in CMC settings.

Findings: Cultural Differences, CMC/Face-to-Face Communication, & Perceived Confidence

• Main effect of the expert's culture was significant, with American experts judged as more confident overall than Chinese experts.
• Main effect of communication medium was not significant, with a significant interaction between medium and expert's culture.
• Chinese experts were perceived significantly less confident than American experts in FtF settings; no significant difference was detected in CMC settings.

Findings: Cultural Differences, CMC/Face-to-Face Communication, & Expertise Recognition

• Main effect of expert's culture and main effect of communication medium were not significant.
• There was a significant interaction effect between the communication medium and expert's culture on expertise recognition.
• Chinese experts were underestimated compared to American experts in FtF groups, but not in CMC groups.
• Although American and Chinese experts had similar levels of actual expertise, their expertise was not recognized equally in FtF groups, but this difference was leveled out in CMC groups.

Findings: Cultural Differences, CMC/Face-to-Face Communication, & Perceived Influence

• Medium effect was not significant.
• Main effect of expert's culture was significant, with the difference qualified by a significant interaction effect between medium and expert's culture.
• Chinese experts were perceived as less influential than American experts in FtF groups.
• Chinese American experts were judged equally influential in CMC groups.
• Neither participation rate nor perceived confidence had a significant effect on expertise recognition.
  • Participation rate did not influence perceived influence.
  • Perceived confidence had a significant effect on perceived influence.

Compensatory Internet Use Theory

• Suggests that one motive for digital addiction is to use digital tools as a coping mechanism to relieve underlying social interaction issues.
• Allows prediction of digital addiction because people may turn to online IRs to compensate for a lack of offline social interaction.

Digital Addiction & Interpersonal Relationships

• IR was negatively related to the severity of DA.
• Positive association between DA and online relationships indicating individuals exhibit more DA problems when they have stronger online relationships.
• Associations between DA and other offline relationships were significant but negative for peer, parent-child, and teacher-student relationships.
• People have fewer DA problems when they have more offline relationships.
• The strength of the effect of DA and IRs was not significantly or was weakly affected by offline relationships.
• The relationship with online relationships was positively and strongly moderated.
• The association between DA and IRs was stronger in emerging adolescents than in adults.
• The association between DA and IRs in emerging males was stronger than in females.