Podcast
Questions and Answers
In a chess game system designed for 100 million MAU, which component is MOST critical for maintaining smooth gameplay with minimal delay?
In a chess game system designed for 100 million MAU, which component is MOST critical for maintaining smooth gameplay with minimal delay?
- Persistent Layer (Database)
- Game Engine with Move Validation
- WebSocket Servers for Real-time Communication (correct)
- Application Servers handling User Logins
The chess game system should allow players to undo a move if both players agree it was a mistake.
The chess game system should allow players to undo a move if both players agree it was a mistake.
False (B)
What is the expected latency of the online chess game system to ensure smooth gameplay and response time, as specified in the nonfunctional requirements?
What is the expected latency of the online chess game system to ensure smooth gameplay and response time, as specified in the nonfunctional requirements?
100 ms
In the high-level design of the chess game, the component responsible for managing the life cycle of game engine instances and distributing load among them is known as the ______.
In the high-level design of the chess game, the component responsible for managing the life cycle of game engine instances and distributing load among them is known as the ______.
Match the architectural components of the chess game system with their respective responsibilities:
Match the architectural components of the chess game system with their respective responsibilities:
Which of the following is NOT a functional requirement for the chess game system?
Which of the following is NOT a functional requirement for the chess game system?
The primary purpose of the WebSocket servers in the chess game architecture is to handle user authentication and authorization.
The primary purpose of the WebSocket servers in the chess game architecture is to handle user authentication and authorization.
Name three game termination states that the chess game system should be able to ensure.
Name three game termination states that the chess game system should be able to ensure.
To ensure the chess game system can handle a large number of concurrent games, the ______ is used to distribute the load among various game engine instances.
To ensure the chess game system can handle a large number of concurrent games, the ______ is used to distribute the load among various game engine instances.
Match each component of the comment moderation system with its primary function:
Match each component of the comment moderation system with its primary function:
Which of the following is NOT a functional requirement for the comment moderation system?
Which of the following is NOT a functional requirement for the comment moderation system?
The comment moderation system is designed to allow users to edit their comments after they have been published.
The comment moderation system is designed to allow users to edit their comments after they have been published.
In the comment moderation system, what is the role of the Pub-Sub mechanism?
In the comment moderation system, what is the role of the Pub-Sub mechanism?
The ______ is responsible for distributing the load evenly across servers in the comment moderation system.
The ______ is responsible for distributing the load evenly across servers in the comment moderation system.
Match the following comment moderation requirements to their description:
Match the following comment moderation requirements to their description:
In the comment moderation system, what is the primary purpose of the AI/ML engine?
In the comment moderation system, what is the primary purpose of the AI/ML engine?
The comment moderation system prioritizes immediate display of all comments, with moderation occurring only after the comment has been publicly visible.
The comment moderation system prioritizes immediate display of all comments, with moderation occurring only after the comment has been publicly visible.
What type of notification should the comment moderation system send to users?
What type of notification should the comment moderation system send to users?
In the comments moderation system, the component responsible for verifying users' identities at a large scale is the ______.
In the comments moderation system, the component responsible for verifying users' identities at a large scale is the ______.
Match each component involved in the high-level design of the comment moderation system with its role:
Match each component involved in the high-level design of the comment moderation system with its role:
Which data is MOST important for the recommendation engine to create and manage user profiles?
Which data is MOST important for the recommendation engine to create and manage user profiles?
The recommendation engine should NOT update recommendations dynamically as users interact with the platform.
The recommendation engine should NOT update recommendations dynamically as users interact with the platform.
Name a process the recommendation engine might use for background processing to ensure response times are efficient.
Name a process the recommendation engine might use for background processing to ensure response times are efficient.
The recommendation engine must prioritize security against unauthorized data access and breaches by implementing specific techniques such as data ______ and encryption.
The recommendation engine must prioritize security against unauthorized data access and breaches by implementing specific techniques such as data ______ and encryption.
Match the component with the descriptions used in the recommendation engine.
Match the component with the descriptions used in the recommendation engine.
What is handled by the recommendation service in designing the recommendation engine?
What is handled by the recommendation service in designing the recommendation engine?
The offline AI system receives data directly from user screens.
The offline AI system receives data directly from user screens.
In the context of the short video recommendation engine, what is the role of the data collector?
In the context of the short video recommendation engine, what is the role of the data collector?
The processed data from the big data processing system is fed into the ______, which trains predictive models offline to enhance recommendation accuracy.
The processed data from the big data processing system is fed into the ______, which trains predictive models offline to enhance recommendation accuracy.
Associate non-functional requirements of a recommendation engine with the appropriate implementation detail.
Associate non-functional requirements of a recommendation engine with the appropriate implementation detail.
Among the data management considerations of the recommendation engine, which technique addresses unauthorized data access and breaches?
Among the data management considerations of the recommendation engine, which technique addresses unauthorized data access and breaches?
The recommendation engine's design does include handling user data securely and implementing data anonymization and encryption techniques.
The recommendation engine's design does include handling user data securely and implementing data anonymization and encryption techniques.
Why is it critical that the video recommendations be made in real-time?
Why is it critical that the video recommendations be made in real-time?
In processing the function of deriving useful insights for the recommendation engine, a ______ is utilized to handle the analysis of data to get useful insights.
In processing the function of deriving useful insights for the recommendation engine, a ______ is utilized to handle the analysis of data to get useful insights.
Categorize the operational technologies that the recommendation engine employs during design.
Categorize the operational technologies that the recommendation engine employs during design.
Which big data processing system element processes information to enhance user suggestions’ performance and accuracy?
Which big data processing system element processes information to enhance user suggestions’ performance and accuracy?
The video of the recommendation engines’ load balancer directly hosts users video info .
The video of the recommendation engines’ load balancer directly hosts users video info .
What security measure protects against unauthorized access in video recommendation engine?
What security measure protects against unauthorized access in video recommendation engine?
The method of processing the video for the recommendation engine for data analysis is ______.
The method of processing the video for the recommendation engine for data analysis is ______.
Match the processes for ingesting data with the appropriate video for the recommendation results.
Match the processes for ingesting data with the appropriate video for the recommendation results.
In the chess game system, which component is responsible for ensuring each move is valid according to chess rules?
In the chess game system, which component is responsible for ensuring each move is valid according to chess rules?
In the comments moderation system, the user authentication service is solely responsible for filtering out offensive comments.
In the comments moderation system, the user authentication service is solely responsible for filtering out offensive comments.
What is the primary role of the 'off-grid AI system' within the recommendation engine's architecture, and why is it designed to operate offline?
What is the primary role of the 'off-grid AI system' within the recommendation engine's architecture, and why is it designed to operate offline?
In the chess game architecture, maintaining a latency of less than 100ms is a ______ requirement aimed at ensuring a responsive user experience.
In the chess game architecture, maintaining a latency of less than 100ms is a ______ requirement aimed at ensuring a responsive user experience.
Match the following components of the comments moderation system with their primary functions:
Match the following components of the comments moderation system with their primary functions:
Flashcards
Create a game
Create a game
Create a game for two players, white starts first, ranking/rating algorithms match players.
Record player status
Record player status
Stores game information, player moves, and statistics (wins, losses, openings).
Valid moves
Valid moves
Enforces valid chess moves only, preventing undoing or canceling moves.
Display each move
Display each move
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Game termination
Game termination
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Latency
Latency
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Reliability
Reliability
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Scalability
Scalability
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Consistency
Consistency
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Application Servers
Application Servers
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Game Engine
Game Engine
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Game Engine Manager
Game Engine Manager
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Websocket Servers
Websocket Servers
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Persistent Layer
Persistent Layer
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User Login
User Login
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Comments Submission
Comments Submission
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Automated Comment Moderation
Automated Comment Moderation
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User Notification
User Notification
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User Reporting
User Reporting
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Availability
Availability
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Scalability
Scalability
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Reliability
Reliability
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Consistency
Consistency
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Load Balancers
Load Balancers
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Pub-Sub
Pub-Sub
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AI/ML Engine
AI/ML Engine
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Persistent Layer
Persistent Layer
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User profiles
User profiles
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Search and browse
Search and browse
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Personalization
Personalization
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Real-time updates
Real-time updates
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Offline processing
Offline processing
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Scalability
Scalability
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Low latency
Low latency
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Privacy
Privacy
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Security
Security
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Recommendation service
Recommendation service
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Data collector
Data collector
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Big data processing system
Big data processing system
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Off-grid AI system
Off-grid AI system
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Study Notes
Chess Game System Design
- The system is for a two-player online chess game.
- It must be fast, reliable, and support 100 million monthly active users (MAU) playing one game a week.
Functional Requirements
- Create a game for two online players, with white starting first. Ranking and rating algorithms select and direct players to a board.
- Store game information, player moves, and statistics (wins, losses, best/worst openings).
- Validate each move via an accurate chess program, with no move undo/cancel.
- Display each move to both players in real time.
- Ensure proper game termination states like checkmate, resignation, forfeit, or stalemate.
Nonfunctional Requirements
- Latency should be within 100 ms.
- The system should maintain correct functionality despite failures.
- Support at least 100 million MAU.
- Data accuracy is required for all players, reflecting the latest game state.
High-Level Design
- Includes API gateways, load balancers, and different services.
- Players log in via application servers and start matches using the game engine.
- The game engine validates moves, manages game state, and enforces rules.
- The game engine manager manages game engine instances and distributes load.
- WebSocket servers facilitate real-time communication and move broadcasting.
- Game states are logged into the persistent layer.
Comments Moderation System Design
- An automated system to review and manage user comments before they appear on published content.
- Similar to designing a live commenting system.
Functional Requirements
- User authentication service to authenticate users.
- Allow users to submit comments on posts.
- Automatically review and manage user comments.
- Notify users about the actions taken on their comments (published or rejected for violations).
- Allow users to report comments for reanalysis.
Nonfunctional Requirements
- High availability to filter comments.
- Scalability to handle many comments.
- Reliability despite component failures.
- Consistency, so all users see the same comment state.
High-Level Design
- Includes user authentication service, comment service, comment moderation service, and AI/ML engine.
- Load balancers distribute load on servers.
- The comment service uses pub-sub to forward comments to the moderation service.
- The AI/ML engine reviews and filters comments.
- A persistent layer stores user data, comments, and metadata.
Recommendation Engine Design
- Designed to provide short video recommendations to millions of users.
Functional Requirements
- Create and manage user profiles, capturing demographics, interests, preferences, ratings, reviews, and past interactions.
- Enable users to search for specific videos or browse recommendations using categories/filters.
- Customize recommendations based on user feedback.
- Update recommendations dynamically as users interact with the platform.
- Use background processes for data preprocessing, model training, and recommendation generation.
Nonfunctional Requirements
- Handle a growing number of users, items, and recommendations.
- Low latency for providing real-time recommendations.
- Securely handle user data with anonymization and encryption techniques.
- Implement techniques to prevent unauthorized data access and breaches.
High-Level Design
- Comprises a load balancer, application servers, a recommendation service, a data collector, big data processing systems, databases, and an off-grid AI system.
- The recommendation service stores user data and preferences, and reflects AI recommendations to users.
- The data collector ingests data into the big data processing system for analysis and insight derivation.
- Processed data is fed to the off-grid AI system for training predictive models to enhance user recommendations.
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