One-Dimensional vs
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Questions and Answers

Which type of model suggests that mental disorders are caused by a single factor operating in isolation?

  • Multidimensional model
  • DSM
  • One-dimensional model (correct)
  • Linear causal model

    • What does the DSM stand for?

  • Dimensional and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Method of Mental Disorders
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (correct)
  • Disorder and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

    • Which approach considers that everyone has generalized anxiety on some part of the curve?

  • Categorical approach
  • Dimensional approach (correct)
  • Linear approach
  • Multidimensional approach

    • Which imaging technique provides the highest resolution for brain structure?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research technique involves injecting radioactive isotopes into the brain?

    <p>PET</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of twins share 100% of their genes?

    <p>Monozygotic (identical) twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule carries the hereditary information for one organism?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of model suggests that mental disorders are caused by several independent factors contributing to the onset of a disorder?

    <p>Multidimensional model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DSM stand for?

    <p>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach uses prototypes and typical profiles to diagnose mental disorders?

    <p>Categorical approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach considers causal factors operating on individuals with subthreshold levels of a disorder in the general population?

    <p>Dimensional approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach categorizes individuals with a certain number of symptoms as having a specific disorder?

    <p>Categorical approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach suggests that everyone has generalized anxiety on some part of the curve?

    <p>Dimensional approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a dimensional approach in diagnosing mental disorders?

    <p>To consider causal factors for subthreshold levels of a disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a categorical approach, how many symptoms are required for a diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

    <p>4 or more symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym GAD stand for in the context of mental disorders?

    <p>Generalized Anxiety Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the continuous perspective suggest about the presence of generalized anxiety in the population?

    <p>It follows a low, population mean, and then high GAD line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique provides high-resolution 3-D structural images of the brain?

    <p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research technique compares similarities in traits and behaviors between adopted individuals and their biological and adoptive parents?

    <p>Adoption studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of twins share 50% of their genes?

    <p>Dizygotic (fraternal) twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique measures the activity of different brain regions while performing cognitive tasks?

    <p>Functional MRI (fMRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of proteins are responsible for muscle and hair formation?

    <p>Structural proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique uses X-rays to produce images of brain structure from different angles?

    <p>Computerized axial tomography (CAT/CT) scans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of chromosomes determines the sex of an individual?

    <p>Pair 23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves injecting radioactive substances that attach to specific receptors in the brain to measure brain activity?

    <p>Position emission tomography (PET)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of twins share 100% of their genes and are formed from a single fertilized egg?

    <p>Monozygotic (identical) twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique measures the consistency of a measurement over time?

    <p>Test-retest reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of model suggests that mental disorders are caused by a single factor operating in isolation?

    <p>One-dimensional models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a categorical approach in diagnosing mental disorders?

    <p>To outline criteria for disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manual outlines the criteria for mental disorders?

    <p>DSM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach uses prototypes and typical profiles to diagnose mental disorders?

    <p>Categorical approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym DSM stand for?

    <p>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach considers that everyone has generalized anxiety on some part of the curve?

    <p>Dimensional approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of twins share 100% of their genes and are formed from a single fertilized egg?

    <p>Monozygotic twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique provides high-resolution 3-D structural images of the brain?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research technique compares similarities in traits and behaviors between adopted individuals and their biological and adoptive parents?

    <p>Adoption study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the continuous perspective suggest about the presence of generalized anxiety in the population?

    <p>Everyone has generalized anxiety to some extent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique provides the highest resolution for brain structure?

    <p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DSM stand for?

    <p>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of twins share 50% of their genes?

    <p>Dizygotic (fraternal) twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves injecting radioactive substances that attach to specific receptors in the brain to measure brain activity?

    <p>Position emission tomography (PET)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique measures the consistency of a measurement over time?

    <p>Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of twins share 100% of their genes and are formed from a single fertilized egg?

    <p>Monozygotic (identical) twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique provides high-resolution 3-D structural images of the brain?

    <p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym GAD stand for in the context of mental disorders?

    <p>Generalized Anxiety Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of proteins are responsible for muscle and hair formation?

    <p>Structural proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of chromosomes determines the sex of an individual?

    <p>Pair 23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of model suggests that mental disorders are caused by several independent factors contributing to the onset of a disorder?

    <p>Multidimensional model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DSM stand for?

    <p>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach categorizes individuals with a certain number of symptoms as having a specific disorder?

    <p>Categorical approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique measures the consistency of a measurement over time?

    <p>Test-retest reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a categorical approach in diagnosing mental disorders?

    <p>To categorize individuals with a certain number of symptoms as having a specific disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of twins share 100% of their genes and are formed from a single fertilized egg?

    <p>Identical twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique provides high-resolution 3-D structural images of the brain?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach considers that everyone has generalized anxiety on some part of the curve?

    <p>Dimensional approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach uses prototypes and typical profiles to diagnose mental disorders?

    <p>Categorical approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the continuous perspective suggest about the presence of generalized anxiety in the population?

    <p>Everyone has generalized anxiety to some extent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using standardized assessment techniques in psychology?

    <p>To ensure consistency in the use of a technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique provides the highest resolution for brain structure?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of genes in the human body?

    <p>To make specific proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do adoption studies, family studies, and twin studies have in common?

    <p>They are genetic research techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of chromosomes determines the sex of an individual?

    <p>Pair 23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a dimensional approach in diagnosing mental disorders?

    <p>To compare symptoms across different diagnoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique involves injecting radioactive substances that attach to specific receptors in the brain to measure brain activity?

    <p>PET</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a categorical approach in diagnosing mental disorders?

    <p>To measure symptom severity within a diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique measures the consistency of a measurement over time?

    <p>Test-retest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of twins share 100% of their genes and are formed from a single fertilized egg?

    <p>Monozygotic (identical; MZ) twins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the different forms of genes that may occur at a specific location?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for having two of the same alleles at a specific location?

    <p>Homozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the genetic information about which alleles are in which location?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the resulting traits that can be observed?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of allele more strongly influences a trait than the recessive allele?

    <p>Dominant allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many alleles do our genes have for each gene?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for having two different alleles at a specific location?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the location at which alleles occur?

    <p>Locus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the genetic information about which alleles are in which location?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the resulting traits that can be observed?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inheritance involves several different genes and the intensity of a trait can vary along a continuum?

    <p>Polygenic inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of monitoring a low phenylalanine (PHE) diet in individuals with Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

    <p>To prevent brain damage and seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are endophenotypes in the context of mental illnesses?

    <p>Measurable biological or psychological traits related to genetic and neurobiological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

    <p>Genotype is the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the observable characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the liability-threshold model based on?

    <p>Polygenic inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do genes code for directly in the context of mental illnesses?

    <p>Genes do not code for mental illnesses directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of genetic testing for Phenylketonuria (PKU) in babies?

    <p>To identify the presence of the PKU gene as early as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the liability-threshold model?

    <p>To explain how liability to a disorder is distributed in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of genes in the human body?

    <p>Genes carry the hereditary information and determine the genetic makeup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the monitoring a low phenylalanine (PHE) diet in individuals with Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

    <p>To prevent brain damage and seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein functions as a receptor for oxytocin?

    <p>Oxytocin receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the oxytocin receptor gene localized in humans?

    <p>Human chromosome 3p25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxytocin receptors in the uterus?

    <p>Inducing uterine contractions during parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is innervated by the oxytocinergic circuit projecting from the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)?

    <p>Ventral tegmental area (VTA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic polymorphism occurs on the third intron of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR)?

    <p>rs53576</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which allele of the OXTR gene is associated with higher levels of oxytocin?

    <p>GG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group has a significantly higher frequency of the A allele of the OXTR gene?

    <p>East Asians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diagnostic Approaches

    • The mono-causal model suggests that mental disorders are caused by a single factor operating in isolation.
    • The multi-factorial model suggests that mental disorders are caused by several independent factors contributing to the onset of a disorder.
    • The categorical approach categorizes individuals with a certain number of symptoms as having a specific disorder.
    • The dimensional approach considers that everyone has generalized anxiety on some part of the curve.
    • The prototype-matching approach uses prototypes and typical profiles to diagnose mental disorders.
    • The continuous perspective suggests that generalized anxiety is present in the population to varying degrees.

    Genetics

    • Genes carry hereditary information for an organism.
    • Genes have two alleles, one from each parent.
    • The genotype is the genetic information about which alleles are in which location.
    • The phenotype is the resulting traits that can be observed.
    • Dominant alleles more strongly influence a trait than recessive alleles.
    • Polygenic inheritance involves several different genes and the intensity of a trait can vary along a continuum.

    Neuroimaging

    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides high-resolution 3-D structural images of the brain.
    • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans measure brain activity by injecting radioactive substances that attach to specific receptors in the brain.
    • Computerized Tomography (CT) scans use X-rays to produce images of brain structure from different angles.

    Twins and Adoption Studies

    • Identical twins share 100% of their genes and are formed from a single fertilized egg.
    • Fraternal twins share 50% of their genes.
    • Adoption studies compare similarities in traits and behaviors between adopted individuals and their biological and adoptive parents.
    • Twin studies examine the similarities and differences between identical and fraternal twins.

    DSM

    • DSM stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
    • DSM outlines the criteria for mental disorders.

    Other

    • Endophenotypes are intermediate traits that are associated with a mental illness.
    • Liability-threshold model is based on the idea that a disorder is present when a certain threshold of liability is exceeded.
    • Genes code for proteins directly in the context of mental illnesses.
    • Oxytocin receptors function as receptors for oxytocin and are localized on the third intron of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene.
    • The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) projects to the oxytocinergic circuit in the brain.
    • The oxytocin receptor gene has a genetic polymorphism that occurs on the third intron.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the difference between one-dimensional and multidimensional models of mental disorders. Understand how single causes operating in isolation compare to several independent factors contributing to the onset of a disorder. Learn about the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and its role in outlining criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.

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