One-Dimensional vs

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Questions and Answers

Which type of model suggests that mental disorders are caused by a single factor operating in isolation?

Multidimensional model

DSM

One-dimensional model (correct)

Linear causal model

What does the DSM stand for?

Dimensional and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Method of Mental Disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (correct)

Disorder and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Which approach considers that everyone has generalized anxiety on some part of the curve?

Categorical approach

Dimensional approach (correct)

Linear approach

Multidimensional approach

Which imaging technique provides the highest resolution for brain structure?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

Which research technique involves injecting radioactive isotopes into the brain?

PET Signup and view all the answers

Which type of twins share 100% of their genes?

Monozygotic (identical) twins Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule carries the hereditary information for one organism?

DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which type of model suggests that mental disorders are caused by several independent factors contributing to the onset of a disorder?

Multidimensional model Signup and view all the answers

What does DSM stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which approach uses prototypes and typical profiles to diagnose mental disorders?

Categorical approach Signup and view all the answers

Which approach considers causal factors operating on individuals with subthreshold levels of a disorder in the general population?

Dimensional approach Signup and view all the answers

Which approach categorizes individuals with a certain number of symptoms as having a specific disorder?

Categorical approach Signup and view all the answers

Which approach suggests that everyone has generalized anxiety on some part of the curve?

Dimensional approach Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a dimensional approach in diagnosing mental disorders?

To consider causal factors for subthreshold levels of a disorder Signup and view all the answers

In a categorical approach, how many symptoms are required for a diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

4 or more symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym GAD stand for in the context of mental disorders?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What does the continuous perspective suggest about the presence of generalized anxiety in the population?

It follows a low, population mean, and then high GAD line Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique provides high-resolution 3-D structural images of the brain?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Signup and view all the answers

Which research technique compares similarities in traits and behaviors between adopted individuals and their biological and adoptive parents?

Adoption studies Signup and view all the answers

Which type of twins share 50% of their genes?

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins Signup and view all the answers

Which technique measures the activity of different brain regions while performing cognitive tasks?

Functional MRI (fMRI) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteins are responsible for muscle and hair formation?

Structural proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which technique uses X-rays to produce images of brain structure from different angles?

Computerized axial tomography (CAT/CT) scans Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of chromosomes determines the sex of an individual?

Pair 23 Signup and view all the answers

Which technique involves injecting radioactive substances that attach to specific receptors in the brain to measure brain activity?

Position emission tomography (PET) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of twins share 100% of their genes and are formed from a single fertilized egg?

Monozygotic (identical) twins Signup and view all the answers

Which technique measures the consistency of a measurement over time?

Test-retest reliability Signup and view all the answers

Which type of model suggests that mental disorders are caused by a single factor operating in isolation?

One-dimensional models Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a categorical approach in diagnosing mental disorders?

To outline criteria for disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which manual outlines the criteria for mental disorders?

DSM Signup and view all the answers

Which approach uses prototypes and typical profiles to diagnose mental disorders?

Categorical approach Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym DSM stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which approach considers that everyone has generalized anxiety on some part of the curve?

Dimensional approach Signup and view all the answers

Which type of twins share 100% of their genes and are formed from a single fertilized egg?

Monozygotic twins Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique provides high-resolution 3-D structural images of the brain?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

Which research technique compares similarities in traits and behaviors between adopted individuals and their biological and adoptive parents?

Adoption study Signup and view all the answers

What does the continuous perspective suggest about the presence of generalized anxiety in the population?

Everyone has generalized anxiety to some extent Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique provides the highest resolution for brain structure?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Signup and view all the answers

What does DSM stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which type of twins share 50% of their genes?

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins Signup and view all the answers

Which technique involves injecting radioactive substances that attach to specific receptors in the brain to measure brain activity?

Position emission tomography (PET) Signup and view all the answers

Which technique measures the consistency of a measurement over time?

Reliability Signup and view all the answers

Which type of twins share 100% of their genes and are formed from a single fertilized egg?

Monozygotic (identical) twins Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique provides high-resolution 3-D structural images of the brain?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym GAD stand for in the context of mental disorders?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteins are responsible for muscle and hair formation?

Structural proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of chromosomes determines the sex of an individual?

Pair 23 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of model suggests that mental disorders are caused by several independent factors contributing to the onset of a disorder?

Multidimensional model Signup and view all the answers

What does DSM stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which approach categorizes individuals with a certain number of symptoms as having a specific disorder?

Categorical approach Signup and view all the answers

Which technique measures the consistency of a measurement over time?

Test-retest reliability Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a categorical approach in diagnosing mental disorders?

To categorize individuals with a certain number of symptoms as having a specific disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which type of twins share 100% of their genes and are formed from a single fertilized egg?

Identical twins Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique provides high-resolution 3-D structural images of the brain?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

Which approach considers that everyone has generalized anxiety on some part of the curve?

Dimensional approach Signup and view all the answers

Which approach uses prototypes and typical profiles to diagnose mental disorders?

Categorical approach Signup and view all the answers

What does the continuous perspective suggest about the presence of generalized anxiety in the population?

Everyone has generalized anxiety to some extent Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using standardized assessment techniques in psychology?

To ensure consistency in the use of a technique Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique provides the highest resolution for brain structure?

MRI Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of genes in the human body?

To make specific proteins Signup and view all the answers

What do adoption studies, family studies, and twin studies have in common?

They are genetic research techniques Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of chromosomes determines the sex of an individual?

Pair 23 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a dimensional approach in diagnosing mental disorders?

To compare symptoms across different diagnoses Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique involves injecting radioactive substances that attach to specific receptors in the brain to measure brain activity?

PET Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a categorical approach in diagnosing mental disorders?

To measure symptom severity within a diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

Which technique measures the consistency of a measurement over time?

Test-retest Signup and view all the answers

Which type of twins share 100% of their genes and are formed from a single fertilized egg?

Monozygotic (identical; MZ) twins Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the different forms of genes that may occur at a specific location?

Alleles Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for having two of the same alleles at a specific location?

Homozygous Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the genetic information about which alleles are in which location?

Genotype Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the resulting traits that can be observed?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

Which type of allele more strongly influences a trait than the recessive allele?

Dominant allele Signup and view all the answers

How many alleles do our genes have for each gene?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for having two different alleles at a specific location?

Heterozygous Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the location at which alleles occur?

Locus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the genetic information about which alleles are in which location?

Genotype Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the resulting traits that can be observed?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inheritance involves several different genes and the intensity of a trait can vary along a continuum?

Polygenic inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of monitoring a low phenylalanine (PHE) diet in individuals with Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

To prevent brain damage and seizures Signup and view all the answers

What are endophenotypes in the context of mental illnesses?

Measurable biological or psychological traits related to genetic and neurobiological processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype is the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the observable characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is the liability-threshold model based on?

Polygenic inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What do genes code for directly in the context of mental illnesses?

Genes do not code for mental illnesses directly Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of genetic testing for Phenylketonuria (PKU) in babies?

To identify the presence of the PKU gene as early as possible Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the liability-threshold model?

To explain how liability to a disorder is distributed in the population Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of genes in the human body?

Genes carry the hereditary information and determine the genetic makeup Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the monitoring a low phenylalanine (PHE) diet in individuals with Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

To prevent brain damage and seizures Signup and view all the answers

Which protein functions as a receptor for oxytocin?

Oxytocin receptor Signup and view all the answers

Where is the oxytocin receptor gene localized in humans?

Human chromosome 3p25 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxytocin receptors in the uterus?

Inducing uterine contractions during parturition Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is innervated by the oxytocinergic circuit projecting from the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)?

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic polymorphism occurs on the third intron of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR)?

rs53576 Signup and view all the answers

Which allele of the OXTR gene is associated with higher levels of oxytocin?

GG Signup and view all the answers

Which group has a significantly higher frequency of the A allele of the OXTR gene?

East Asians Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diagnostic Approaches

The mono-causal model suggests that mental disorders are caused by a single factor operating in isolation.
The multi-factorial model suggests that mental disorders are caused by several independent factors contributing to the onset of a disorder.
The categorical approach categorizes individuals with a certain number of symptoms as having a specific disorder.
The dimensional approach considers that everyone has generalized anxiety on some part of the curve.
The prototype-matching approach uses prototypes and typical profiles to diagnose mental disorders.
The continuous perspective suggests that generalized anxiety is present in the population to varying degrees.

Genetics

Genes carry hereditary information for an organism.
Genes have two alleles, one from each parent.
The genotype is the genetic information about which alleles are in which location.
The phenotype is the resulting traits that can be observed.
Dominant alleles more strongly influence a trait than recessive alleles.
Polygenic inheritance involves several different genes and the intensity of a trait can vary along a continuum.

Neuroimaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides high-resolution 3-D structural images of the brain.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans measure brain activity by injecting radioactive substances that attach to specific receptors in the brain.
Computerized Tomography (CT) scans use X-rays to produce images of brain structure from different angles.

Twins and Adoption Studies

Identical twins share 100% of their genes and are formed from a single fertilized egg.
Fraternal twins share 50% of their genes.
Adoption studies compare similarities in traits and behaviors between adopted individuals and their biological and adoptive parents.
Twin studies examine the similarities and differences between identical and fraternal twins.

DSM

DSM stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
DSM outlines the criteria for mental disorders.

Other

Endophenotypes are intermediate traits that are associated with a mental illness.
Liability-threshold model is based on the idea that a disorder is present when a certain threshold of liability is exceeded.
Genes code for proteins directly in the context of mental illnesses.
Oxytocin receptors function as receptors for oxytocin and are localized on the third intron of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene.
The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) projects to the oxytocinergic circuit in the brain.
The oxytocin receptor gene has a genetic polymorphism that occurs on the third intron.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the difference between one-dimensional and multidimensional models of mental disorders. Understand how single causes operating in isolation compare to several independent factors contributing to the onset of a disorder. Learn about the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and its role in outlining criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.