Quiz on Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics

Laws of Thermodynamics

• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
• First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. ΔE = Q - W, where ΔE is the change in energy, Q is the heat added, and W is the work done.
• Second Law of Thermodynamics: The total entropy of a closed system always increases over time, except in reversible processes. Entropy (S) is a measure of disorder or randomness.
• Third Law of Thermodynamics: As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, its entropy approaches a minimum value.

Thermodynamic Systems

• Isolated System: A system that does not exchange energy or matter with its surroundings.
• Closed System: A system that exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings.
• Open System: A system that exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings.

Thermodynamic Processes

• Isothermal Process: A process that occurs at constant temperature.
• Adiabatic Process: A process that occurs without heat transfer.
• Isobaric Process: A process that occurs at constant pressure.
• Isochoric Process: A process that occurs at constant volume.

Thermodynamic Properties

• Internal Energy (U): The total energy of a system, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and potential energy associated with the molecular structure.
• Enthalpy (H): A measure of the total energy of a system, including internal energy and the energy associated with the pressure and volume of a system.
• Entropy (S): A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.
• Free Energy (F): A measure of the energy available to do work in a system.

Thermodynamic Equations

• Ideal Gas Equation: PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature.
• Carnot Cycle: A theoretical cycle that represents the maximum efficiency of a heat engine.