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• This text covers the life, works, and writings of Rizal, including the Rizal Law and other aspects of Philippine history during Rizal's time.

Introduction to Rizal's Life, Works, and Writings

• Rizal Law mandates the teaching of Rizal's life, works, and writings in all Philippine schools.
• The law was authored by Claro M. Recto and sponsored in the Senate by Jose P. Laurel. It was signed into law on June 12, 1956, as Republic Act No. 1425.
• According to Senator Jose P. Laurel, Rizal was the founder and architect of the Filipino nation. Citizens need to know and embrace Rizal's ideals and principles.
• Studying Rizal's life and works can help Filipino youth gain confidence, direction, courage, and determination.

Objectives of the Rizal Law:

• To inspire nationalism and freedom ideals in the youth
• To honor Rizal's contributions to the Filipino character
• To provide a source of patriotism through the study of Rizal.
• The Board on National Education set goals to recognize Rizal's relevance, apply his ideals to contemporary problems, develop an appreciation for his qualities, and foster moral character and citizenship among Filipino youth.

Rizal: A True Filipino Hero

• Rizal was a man of peace, not war, and stands out among national heroes.
• Other Filipino heroes include Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Marcelo H. del Pilar.
• These heroes guided the formation of the Filipino national spirit and state.

Rizal: Not an American Sponsored Hero

• Renato Constantino claimed Americans were responsible for endorsing Rizal as the national hero.
• The Taft Commission in 1901 selected Rizal over other heroes like Emilio Aguinaldo and Andres Bonifacio.
• Teodoro Agoncillo wrote that Rizal was acceptable to Americans as a symbol of assimilation.
• Rizal favored evolution through education, which suited American objectives, and opposed revolution.

Rizal: Acceptability as Official Hero

• Rizal was already dead when Americans began their aggression in the Philippines.
• No anti-American quotes can be attributed to Rizal.
• Rizal's martyrdom symbolized Spanish oppression.

Rizal: The National Hero

• Filipinos chose Rizal as their national hero through tributes during and after his lifetime.
• The Katipuneros considered him their honorary leader.
• His guidance was sought by emissaries in Dapitan in 1892. Rizal's name was a password for the secret society.

Historical Figures and Rizal

• Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, on Dec. 20, 1898, decreed Dec. 30 as a day of mourning for Rizal and other victims of the Philippine Revolution.
• Act No. 345 established the yearly celebration of Rizal Day.
• Early admiration for Rizal led to the first monument in his honor being erected in Daet, Camarines Norte on Dec. 30, 1898. The monument bore the words "A Jose Rizal" and referenced his novels and annotation of "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas"

Admiration for Rizal

• The monument in Luneta was built through Filipino subscriptions.
• This was authorized by Act No. 243 of the Philippine Commission.
• Proof of Rizal's importance includes construction of monuments, naming streets after him, renaming Manila province to Rizal, and businesses named after him.

Guerrero's Conclusion on Rizal

• Filipinos magnify a man of peace above men of war.
• Filipinos worship a man who sacrificed comforts for their sake.
• Filipinos prize virtue and sacrifice above victory and success.
• Despite controversy, Rizal gave form to the aspiration of the Filipino people and gave rise to nationalist struggle and served the needs of the people.

Constantino's Perspective on Rizal

• Rizal was able to see problems generated by historical forces, discern new social needs, and actively meet them.

Guerrero's Perspective on Rizal

• Rizal was the first Filipino who worked towards unification based on common interests and mutual protection.

Rizal: Pioneer Asian Nationalist Leader

• Rizal was born in the decade when Mohandas Gandhi, Rabindaranath Tagore, and Sun Yat-Sen were also born.
• According to Coates (1968), among the four leaders Rizal was the most remarkable because his ideas matured early.
• Rizal articulated views of a different relationship between Asia and Europe, advocating for Asians to be regarded as equals.

De Ocampo's Perspective on Rizal

• Rizal inspired the Philippine Revolution of 1896 and was the first exponent of Asian nationalism.
• Although Rizal opposed the revolution as premature, it was the first genuine uprising by Asians against Western colonialism.

Fisher's Perspective on Rizal

• Rizal was the pioneer exponent of liberal democracy in Asia.
• Before Gandhi and Sun Yat-Sen, Rizal spoke out for liberal democracy through his writings.
• Rizal advocated for the worth and dignity of individuals, inviolability of human rights, equality, constitutional government, due process, popular sovereignty, human reason, public education, and social progress through freedom.
• Rizal was the first Asian leader to assert these principles in Asia.
• His contributions led to modern and social democracy having a voice in Asia, making him the First Asian Nationalist Leader.

Major Periods in Rizal's Life

• There are four major periods (Celedonio, 1982): 1861-1872 (First), 1872-1882 (Second), 1882-1892 (Third), and 1892-1896 (Fourth).

First Period: 1861-1872

• Rizal learned to read, write, and develop imaginative & critical thinking.
• Values developed: industriousness, creativeness, rationality and dignity.

Second Period: 1872-1882

• Rizal was 11 years old and enrolled at Ateneo Municipal.
• Father Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were unjustly executed.
• Rizal was awakened to the abuses of the regime; he aimed to avenge victims of injustices.
• This period strengthened his religious foundation, drive toward excellence, envisioning the Philippines receiving light thru education and perception of alliance between religion and education.

Third Period: 1882-1892

• Rizal left the Philippines to escape persecution.
• Rizal was always an observer and student, learning from everything he saw.
• Rizal urged Filipinos in Spain to prove that Filipinos can compete with Europeans.
• Through his membership in exclusive societies, Rizal provided an example for his compatriots.
• During this period, Rizal took part in the Propaganda Movement.
• He sought to truthfully disclose political, social, and economic conditions in the Philippines through his articles, essays, and novels.

Fourth Period: 1892-1896

• The year 1892 was the last turning point before his martyrdom on Dec. 30, 1896.
• Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, where he demonstrated what an individual can do.
• He detached himself from politics and devoted time to practical service and usefulness to the community.

The 19th Century World of Jose Rizal

• The 19th century brought the growth and development of nationalism, liberalism and democracy, the Industrial Revolution, Western imperialism, scientific advances, and optimism (Capino et al, 1977).

Growth and Development of Nationalism

• Nationalism is a shared sense of loyalty and attachment based on language, history, culture and independence ( Jackson & Jackson, 2000).
• Nationalism drives a people together and is expressed in devotion to national interest and independence.
• Two major revolutions, The American Revolution of 1776 and the French Revolution of 1789, gave birth to the idea that an individual's loyalty has to be to his nation not the king.
• The French Revolution's ideology of Liberty, Fraternity, and Equality had Influence subject peoples to cast off colonialism.
• Italy became a united kingdom under King Victor Emmanuel II and Germany united kingdoms and dukedoms into one empire under Emperor William I.
• Nationalism evolved from cultural unity, sought political reality with state boundaries, believed every nation has right to exist in freedom. It can also lead to aggressive crusades.
• Nationalism in the Philippines developed slowly, with loyalty emerging after the execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora

Rise and Spread of Liberalism and Democracy

• The rise of liberalism and democracy was a consequence of nationalism (Black, 1999).
• Liberty and equality were realized in the American and French Revolutions.
• Liberalism opposed conservatism, demanded representative government and equality before the law.
• Liberty meant specific individual freedoms: press, speech, assembly, and from arbitrary arrest.
• Democracy became a way of life, gradually established through laws, reforms, constitutions, citizen opportunities, manhood suffrage and granting of political, economic, and social rights.
• Democracy was non-existent in the 19th century Philippines.
• Filipinos were denied representation in the Spanish Cortes.
• Ecclesiastical and civil authorities were not inclined to grant basic human rights, as it would be detrimental to Spain's colonial administration.

The Industrial Revolution

• Began in England in 1760 and later spread.
• Invention and machine use brought significant changes.

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution:

• Rise of the factory system
• Improvement of people's standard of living
• Greater urbanization of society
• Specialization and division of labor;
• Invention of labor-saving devices;
• Beginnings of industrial capitalism;
• Fostering of liberalism and nationalism;
• Encouragement of people's mobility.

Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution:

• Widening of the gap between rich and poor; unending economic warfare between labor and capital; pollution and other environmental problems; beginning of child and women labor; intensification of imperialistic rivalry.
• In the Philippines, the industrial revolution displaced farmers:

Responses to the Evils of Industrial System:

• Liberals advocated for laissez-faire policies.
• Socialists Assert that the government has to control vital industries and resources.
• Communists suggest that all factors be owned and controlled by the government.
• The Catholic Church called for humane treatment of workers, respect for rights, and social justice.
• It also enjoined the government to regulate private property use and favorable working conditions for the proletariat.

The Advance of Science

• Scientific knowledge influenced Western thought (Hunt et al, 1995).
• Breakthroughs in industrial technology enormously stimulated basic scientific inquiry, explosive growth of fundamental scientific discoveries from 1830s onward.
• Better scientific knowledge was translated into practical benefits in biology, medical sciences, physics, and chemistry. Search for knowledge and truth explained by a rational and empirical approach.
• This was a result of the Age of Enlightenment during the 18th century where blind belief and dogma were challenged resulting in the development of scientific methods resulting in advances in the sciences.
• This triumph of science and technology at least had three significant consequences: importance of science on mind of ordinary citizens, philosophical implications of science spread, and the methods of science acquired unrivaled prestige after 1850.
• A belief emerged that church is not only the sole source of knowledge but rather everyone could challenge old established beliefs.
• Scientific revolutions gained headway in Western European countries, and universities and societies became free market places of ideas.
• German, French, and English scientists were at the forefront of the revolution and abroad, the explorers, archaeologists, and anthropologists scoured all parts of the world for new discoveries.
• Spain was at the backwater of this scientific upheaval.

The Resurgence of Western Imperialism

• In the 19th century, the industrializing West expanded into non-Western lands.
• Western nations used them for their own benefit and political influence.
• The economic thrust of robust industrial capitalism, and ever-growing lead in technology combined with European nationalism drove events.
• Western expansion had far-reaching consequences, and Europe relied on force to conquer and rule.
• Non-Western elites, armed with Western doctrines, gradually responded and launched a national, anti-imperialist struggle for dignity.
• Colonized peoples started to assert their rights to choose.

Optimism and Confidence in Progress

• Optimism or faith in the ability of society and man to to make progress was brought about by the advancement of science, the coming of steam-powered industry, and the spread of liberalism and socialism (Chodorow et al, 1994)
• Achievements of men in the 19th century: extension of human rights, promotion of higher education, education for nationalism in schools, investment in science and public health and realism in literature.

Spain and the Philippines in the 19th Century

• Includes political instability in Spain, abandonment Mercantilism. Includes information on the Educational System, Economic Situation, Social Structure and Filipino Grievances Against Spanish Rule in the Phillipines During Rizal's Time

Political Instability in Spain

• After the death of Ferdinand VII, Spain went through economical downward spiral
• All of Spain's American colonies have seceded and became independent states with the exemption of Cuba and Puerto Rico by 1830.
• Isabella defeated and defied traditions allowing her become the lone female monarchs.
• Under Isabella II, Spain lost a bid to re-conquer Peru and Chile and continued mismanagement by her favorites.
• 19th century was a turbulent century of politics in Spanish history (Zaide, 1994).
• It was a period of political instability owing to the frequent rise and fall of ministries and constitutions.
• Frequent change of governments in Spain prevailed even after Isabella's overthrow in 1868.
• To save the country from political disunity, the Spanish crown worked out the canovite system or rotativism (Maguigad et al, 2000)
• Frequent changes in the top colonial administration in the Philippines as a consequence
• Due to to the the brief tenure of governors, colonial administration became very inefficient and corrupt.

Abandonment of Mercantilism

• Mercantilism economic doctrine based on the idea the a countries wealth and power can be measured in its stock of gold and silver
• Galeon Trade between Manila and Acapulco began in 1565.
• Philippines was prohibited from from trading with other European Countries
• There was a shift to laissez faire to free market trade.

Spanish Adoption of Laissez-faire Policy:

• Rise of the middle class families who were able to send send there children to acquire higher education
• Increase contact with the the West brought home home political ideas from Europe
• Members of the the 'enlightened ones' began questioning he abuses of spanish regime and began to clamor for reforms

Philippines During Rizals Time

• Filipinos lost their ancestral lands and and were forces by the colonizers to accept Spanish Culture and and religion
• Change was evident in the administrataive system social Structure Education and economics
• Philippines was governend by spanish crown Ministry of colonies.
• governeral was the the lead of the colonial head appointed by spanish monarch

Governor-General:

• the head of the colonial government in the country and represented crown in gov. matters
• He was the vice royal patron over religious affairs
• Nominates priests and was the commander in chief of army
• Had Legislative powers to enact laws (actos acordados) an the power of cumplase

The Local Government

• Local government units such as provinces towns cites were below the national gov ( Agoncillo )
• provinces were called Alcadia headed by Alcade who had executive and and juducial funtions
• Provential government was a corrupt unit where one was given privelegeto engage to trade.
• Alcadias and provience were devided into towns or poublo

Local Officals:

• Goveranacilla elected by males and responsibility was tex colletcion
• Main function: peace and order in town as well as collext tributs City govenment called ayamintemto

The Spanish Friar:

Key for local adinmistration in the goverment and have unoin becuase if the cercj and state in phillippine spanish gorverment for la local. The frias supervision set -up

Frailocracia or Frailocracy:

Governments by Friars power and influence Spain tightened there controls for the county through out friars lost the phillipines Friars had a way of controlling affair for new guvorner

Guardia Civil 1867:

Nativite police who lead soilders dealing with outlaws fear and summarises

Judicial Power:

Vested in audience real supreme court Audience two territorial there laws or legislations from PH from US governemnt laws passed for Philippines in spanish courties

Rise of Nationalism and Democracy in the Philippines

• Rise came from growth from nationalism (Black, 1999) Democracy way life in Britan an switzeland Philippines denied representation in Spanish counties
• They that that that that give the human right an freedom would be the best path for freedom and governement topple

Industrial Revloution

Industrial meant for machinery transofmrations steel

• Beggan england France and geramny

The 19th Centry world

Impactful changes from 19tn cenurty due to due to development nationalism spread on democracy

Colonial Ruel: Spain

• political insabilitly of spain in 19th century
• Abandonments of commerilisms
• educational and economic society of phlipins

Spain was a major contributor for idenity in the world Spain relied on force to concur to conquer the rule There there start resistence againist spain

Resitence was brought major cause and the want the Examples of resitance was the followings list and revolts for land labor for spain In order for the colonies do good the the people had to rely on spain from Spain This help to create a fillopina Sense of the world and there the trade had change people

The Dam of Pillian Sense of NATIONALLUD

Nationanlsoom took years during spain rule in. Development of revolution the following that there from the phliipns to the world commernce

Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma

Due to spain was in mess, delo got a gov with iberals Spain was in charge due to demovraitc with the country due to For the first the the timw they had freedom

Racial was main contributor the the of of pillopios nationlwood spainard was called dios Discromaited in university goverment coure crtuc In his book Miguel that dios only for cabaros

Secularlizationl

Was to transfer form spain for philpanz

After Spain was with with the world it would have to come with more for people Philopios that that come to work more with with john who to change peopl It also helped to change an open Goverement and it

Cabitv Mutiny of 1872

That and on that was killed.