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Questions and Answers

How is the pH of a solution related to the H3O+?

pH is the negative log of the H3O+ concentration in molarity units.

What is the relationship between OH and H3O+?

inversely related

As H3O+ increases, what happens to OH-?

decreases

What is a buffer?

<p>solution that resists changes in pH by neutralizing small amounts of acids or bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you add acid to water, how will the pH change?

<p>pH will decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you add base to water, how will the pH change?

<p>pH will increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you add acid to a buffer, how will the pH change?

<p>pH slightly decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you add base to a buffer, how will the pH change?

<p>pH slightly increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which solution(s) showed the greatest change in pH? Why?

<p>The water and NaCl solution; not buffers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which solution(s) showed little or no change in pH? Why?

<p>The high and low pH buffer had the least change; they are buffers which resist changes in pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with an acidotic blood pH of 7.3 may be treated with an alkali such as sodium hydrogen carbonate. Why would this treatment raise the pH of the blood?

<p>Sodium hydrogen carbonate is a basic solution which will slightly neutralize the acidic blood back into the normal pH range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is neutralization?

<p>H+ ions from an acid combine with OH- ions from a base to produce water, H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a titration?

<p>addition of a specific amount of base to an acidic solution, to neutralize the sample, or vice versa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an indicator in a titration?

<p>determine the endpoint of a titration by changing color; the acid has been neutralized by the addition of base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group of an alcohol and a phenol?

<p>The hydroxyl group, OH-, forms the alcohol and phenol functional group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are some alcohols soluble in water?

<p>alcohols with 4 carbons or less, because the hydroxyl group causes the compound to be overall polar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an alcohol solution has a pH of 5, would it be a primary alcohol, a secondary alcohol, a tertiary alcohol, or a phenol?

<p>Phenol because when combined with water phenols make weak acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond that links monosaccharides in di- and polysaccharides?

<p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of glycosidic bond in maltose?

<p>alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in the structure of amylopectin and amylose?

<p>Amylose = continuous chain of glucose monomers, amylopectin = similar chain but with many smaller branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glucose or galactose when the Cu+2 in Benedict's reagent is reduced?

<p>glucose or galactose is oxidized into carboxylic acid compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrates are ketoses?

<p>Fructose and sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrates give a positive fermentation test?

<p>Glucose, fructose, and sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrates give a blue-black color in the iodine test?

<p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group in amines?

<p>ammonia, NH3, with hydrocarbon groups replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group in amides?

<p>carboxylic acid bonded to an amine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What products are formed when amides are hydrolyzed? acid hydrolysis

<p>carboxylic acid and an ammonium salt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What products are formed when amides are hydrolyzed? base hydrolysis

<p>the salt of a carboxylic acid and ammonia or amine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound accounts for the 'fishy' odor of fish?

<p>amine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why amines are basic.

<p>they accept protons from the N</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have unknowns that are a carboxylic acid, an ester, and an amine. Describe how you would distinguish among them.

<p>litmus paper: carboxylic acid would turn red; amine blue. smell: ester would smell good, amine bad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

pH and Hydronium Relation

  • pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion (H3O+) concentration.
  • pH is measured in molarity units.

Relationship Between Hydroxide and Hydronium

  • Hydroxide (OH-) and hydronium (H3O+) ions are inversely related.
  • As H3O+ concentration increases, OH- concentration decreases.

Buffer Solutions

  • Buffers resist changes in pH when small amounts of acids or bases are added.
  • Addition of acid to water causes a decrease in pH.
  • Addition of base to water results in an increase in pH.

Buffer Behavior

  • Adding acid to a buffer slightly decreases its pH.
  • Adding base to a buffer slightly increases its pH.
  • Non-buffered solutions, like water and NaCl, exhibit the greatest pH changes.

Treatment of Acidotic Blood

  • An acidotic blood pH of 7.3 can be treated with sodium hydrogen carbonate, a basic solution.
  • This treatment neutralizes the acidic blood, bringing pH closer to normal.

Neutralization and Titration

  • Neutralization involves H+ ions from an acid combining with OH- ions from a base to form water (H2O).
  • Titration consists of adding a specific amount of base to an acid to achieve neutralization.

Indicators in Titration

  • Indicators change color at the endpoint of a titration, signaling when an acid has been neutralized.

Functional Groups of Alcohols and Phenols

  • The hydroxyl group (OH-) is the defining feature of alcohols and phenols.
  • Alcohols with 4 carbons or fewer are soluble in water due to their polar nature.

Identification of Alcohol Types

  • A solution with a pH of 5 indicates a phenol, which can form weak acids in water.

Chemical Properties and Tests

  • Propanal is soluble and orange in color.
  • Compounds reacting positively with Benedict's reagent are aldehydes; those forming yellow solids in iodoform tests are methyl ketones.

Distinguishing Carbohydrates

  • Iodoform tests can differentiate between 2-pentanone and 3-pentanone.
  • Amylose consists of a continuous chain of glucose, while amylopectin has multiple branches.

Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates

  • Complete hydrolysis of amylose yields glucose.
  • Amylose and cellulose differ in linkage: amylose uses alpha-1,4 bonds, while cellulose uses beta-1,4 bonds.

Reduction Tests

  • Glucose or galactose oxidizes to carboxylic acids when Cu+2 in Benedict's reagent is reduced.
  • Fructose reacts rapidly with Seliwanoff's reagent because it is a ketone.

Fermentation and Sugar Types

  • Not all disaccharides ferment due to the absence of specific enzymes.
  • Iodine tests: amylose gives deep blue, while glycogen gives reddish-purple.

Reducing Sugars

  • Reducing sugars include glucose, fructose, and lactose.

Chemical Tests Outcomes

  • Sucrose forms a reddish-orange solid with Benedict's and shows little color change with iodine.
  • Lactose exhibits specific color changes in both tests indicating hydrolysis results.

Functional Groups in Amines and Amides

  • Amines contain an ammonia (NH3) group with hydrocarbon replacements.
  • Amides are formed from carboxylic acids linked to amines.

Hydrolysis of Amides

  • Acid hydrolysis of amides produces carboxylic acids and ammonium salts.
  • Base hydrolysis yields the salt of a carboxylic acid and ammonia.

Amines Characteristics

  • Neo-Synephrine and methamphetamine are secondary amines.
  • Amines typically have a "fishy" smell due to their structure.

Basicity of Amines

  • Amines are considered basic because they can accept protons.

Distinguishing Organic Compounds

  • Use litmus paper for identification: carboxylic acids turn it red, while amines turn it blue.
  • Aromas can also aid in identifying compounds; esters have pleasant smells, unlike amines.

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