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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the adaptive immune response?

  • To eliminate all pathogens non-specifically.
  • To develop quickly against new pathogens.
  • To only target pathogens in the bloodstream.
  • To provide a highly specific attack against a wide variety of pathogens. (correct)

Which barrier defense in the body is characterized by low pH as a protective mechanism?

  • Stomach (correct)
  • Skin
  • Salivary glands
  • Mucosal surfaces

What indicates inflammation as a hallmark of the innate immune response?

  • Response to harmful stimuli and damaged cells. (correct)
  • Response strictly to pathogens only.
  • Response unrelated to immune activity.
  • Response to beneficial stimuli.

Which type of drugs are primarily used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Antirheumatoid drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic tool is NOT typically utilized for assessing joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Electrocardiogram (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of inflammatory arthritis?

<p>It involves chronic pain in multiple joints. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a way that the body’s defenses work against pathogens?

<p>Voluntary muscle contraction flushing bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nonkeratinized epithelial cells found in the mucosal surfaces?

<p>They provide a physical barrier to pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bulk-forming laxatives specifically help alleviate constipation?

<p>They increase the bulk or weight of stool. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary mechanism by which stimulant laxatives promote bowel movements?

<p>They promote contraction of the intestines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is a mineral oil enema particularly indicated?

<p>For patients with very hard and difficult to pass stools. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laxative type primarily focuses on moisten and lubricating the stool?

<p>Emollient stool softeners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of osmotic laxatives in the treatment of constipation?

<p>They draw fluid into the bowel and soften stools. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Phase 3 clinical trials?

<p>To assess the efficacy and monitor adverse reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long do Phase 3 clinical trials typically last?

<p>1 to 4 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of drugs typically move to the next phase after Phase 3 trials?

<p>25-30% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of clinical research are several thousand volunteers typically involved?

<p>Phase 4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a Medical Officer play in the FDA IND Review Team?

<p>Reviews all clinical study information and data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of involving 300 to 3,000 participants in Phase 3 studies?

<p>To ensure that all potential side effects can be studied (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which professional is responsible for reviewing preclinical studies in the FDA IND Review Team?

<p>Pharmacologist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of a Pharmakineticist in the drug review process?

<p>Drug's absorption and metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rifamycin derivative is commonly used for treating infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>Rifapentine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common route of administration for antiviral medications?

<p>Topical skin creams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is NOT typically associated with topical antifungal agents?

<p>Drowsiness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics interferes with folic acid synthesis in bacteria?

<p>Trimethoprim (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary goals in the preparation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)?

<p>Reduce or eliminate toxic effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following synthetic routes is primarily associated with the bacterium Amycolatopsis rifamycinica?

<p>Rifamycin production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is specifically mentioned for affecting mycolic acid synthesis?

<p>Isoniazid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a common dosage form for Chinese medicinal herbs?

<p>Sublingual tablets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the theophylline test?

<p>To monitor the amount of theophylline in the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what point is the trough level of theophylline typically measured?

<p>Just before the next dose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to analyze theophylline levels in the blood?

<p>High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of functional gastrointestinal disorders?

<p>Abnormal digestion without measurable tissue changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an organic gastrointestinal disorder?

<p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT commonly linked to the development of peptic ulcers?

<p>Dietary fiber intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do antacids play in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases?

<p>They neutralize stomach acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect of H-2 blockers?

<p>Altered effectiveness of certain pain relief medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proton pump inhibitors in gastrointestinal treatment?

<p>To block acid production and allow healing of the esophagus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscular action primarily facilitates the progression of food through the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Peristalsis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of overusing antacids?

<p>Kidney complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin absorption might be negatively affected by H-2 blockers?

<p>Vitamin B12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in analyzing theophylline levels?

<p>It is simple, sensitive, and selective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between organic and functional GI disorders?

<p>Organic disorders show measurable changes to tissues, organs, or systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to be a direct cause of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

<p>Genetic factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can the combination of aspirin and caffeine have on pain relief?

<p>Enhance the efficacy and pain relief (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can food interaction affect medications in the body?

<p>It can cause interactions that lead to new side effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Coca-Cola have on the absorption of ibuprofen?

<p>It increases the plasma concentration of ibuprofen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does vitamin K play in relation to warfarin?

<p>It inhibits the action of warfarin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does calcium in milk affect tetracyclines?

<p>It decreases the effectiveness of tetracyclines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important characteristic of mature cheese affecting MAO inhibitors like phenelzine?

<p>It contains tyramine which can lead to hypertensive crises. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when ingesting spinach while on warfarin?

<p>Counteracting the anticoagulation effect of warfarin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be affected by the interaction between NSAIDs and certain food or beverages?

<p>Both the efficacy and side effects of the drug. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of combining milk with certain antibiotics?

<p>Reducing the bioavailability of the antibiotics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dimensional Analysis: Placing mL in the Numerator

In dimensional analysis, placing 'mL' in the numerator helps to cancel out units and isolate the desired unit in the final answer. This method is often used for medication calculations.

Dimensional Analysis: Placing mg in the Denominator

In dimensional analysis, placing 'mg' in the denominator helps to cancel out units and isolate the desired unit in the final answer. This method is often used for medication calculations.

Phase 3 Clinical Research: Purpose

Phase 3 clinical trials are designed to assess the efficacy and safety of a drug in a large group of patients with the target disease or condition. This phase aims to determine if the drug provides a treatment benefit, monitor for adverse reactions, and gather data on its long-term effects.

Phase 3 Clinical Research: Study Participants

Phase 3 clinical trials recruit 300 to 3,000 volunteers who have the disease or condition that the experimental drug aims to treat.

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Phase 3 Clinical Research: Length of Study

Phase 3 clinical trials can last for 1 to 4 years. This is a significant duration to gather enough data on the drug's effects.

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Phase 4 Clinical Research: Purpose

Phase 4 clinical trials focus on gathering further information about the drug's safety and efficacy in a larger patient population. This includes long-term monitoring of side effects and effectiveness.

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FDA IND Review Team: Project Manager

The Project Manager in the FDA IND Review Team is responsible for coordinating the activities of all members, ensuring efficient progress and communication within the team.

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FDA IND Review Team: Pharmacokineticist

A Pharmacokineticist in the FDA IND Review Team analyzes how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. This helps understand how the drug affects the body and how best to administer it.

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Bulk-forming laxatives

These laxatives increase the volume and weight of stool by absorbing water, stimulating bowel movements.

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Emollient stool softeners

These laxatives work by softening the stool, making it easier to pass. They add moisture and lubrication.

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Osmotic laxatives

They draw fluid into the bowel, softening the stool and increasing its volume. They work by attracting water.

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Stimulant laxatives

These laxatives encourage muscle contractions in the intestines, speeding up the movement of stool.

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Mineral oil enema

It involves introducing mineral oil into the rectum, which coats the stool, prevents water absorption, and lubricates the stool for easier passage.

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Theophylline Test

A blood test used to monitor the amount of theophylline medication in a patient's system.

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Trough Level

The lowest concentration of a medication in the blood, measured right before the next dose is given.

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HPLC

High Performance Liquid Chromatography. A technique used to separate and identify components in a sample, often used for analyzing theophylline.

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Ultraviolet Detection

A method used in HPLC where specific wavelengths of UV light are used to identify and quantify different substances in a sample.

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Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract Motility

The movement of food through the digestive system, involving muscular contractions that push food along.

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Circular Muscle

Muscle that forms a ring around the digestive tract, helping narrow or restrict the passage of food.

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Longitudinal Muscle

Muscle that runs lengthwise along the digestive tract, shortening the intestine and helping push food forward.

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Peristaltic Waves

Rhythmic contractions of the digestive tract muscles, moving food forward in a wave-like motion.

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Dyspepsia

A common functional disorder characterized by upper abdominal pain, discomfort, and bloating.

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A functional disorder of the large intestine causing abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and/or constipation.

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Peptic Ulcer

A sore in the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus caused by stomach acid and digestive enzymes.

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

A group of inflammatory conditions involving the digestive tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

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H. pylori Infection

A common cause of peptic ulcers caused by a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori.

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NSAIDs

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A group of drugs that can cause peptic ulcers as a side effect.

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Rifamycin Antibiotics

A class of antibiotics produced by the bacterium Amycolatopsis rifamycinica, including rifampicin, rifaximin, rifabutin, rifapentine, and rifalazil.

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Sulfonamides & Sulfones

Antibiotics that interfere with folic acid synthesis in bacteria, inhibiting their growth and multiplication.

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Trimethoprim

An antibiotic that also interferes with folic acid synthesis in bacteria, but at a different step than sulfonamides.

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Isoniazid

An antibiotic that targets mycolic acid synthesis in bacteria, specifically Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB).

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Topical Antifungal Side Effects

Common side effects of topical antifungal medications can include burning, stinging, swelling, irritation, and redness at the application site.

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Antiviral Administration Routes

Antivirals are commonly administered orally, but other routes include topical creams, eye drops, small-particle aerosols, and intravenous infusions.

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Traditional Chemotherapy

Traditional chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells, but also harms healthy cells.

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Hormonal Therapy

Cancer treatment that targets hormone-sensitive cancers by blocking, altering, or replacing hormones.

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Adaptive Immune Response: Speed

The adaptive immune response takes time to develop, making it less effective in initial infections. However, it becomes highly specific and effective after repeated exposure to a pathogen.

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Innate Immune Response: Hallmark

Inflammation is the characteristic sign of the innate immune response. It's the body's initial defense against harmful stimuli like pathogens, toxins, or damaged cells.

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Inflammatory Arthritis

A condition where joints are inflamed due to an overactive immune system, often affecting multiple joints.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis: Cause

An autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells, primarily targeting joints, causing inflammation and pain.

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Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Methods

Diagnosing Rheumatoid Arthritis involves a combination of medical history, physical exams, blood tests, imaging scans (X-ray, Ultrasound, MRI), and careful examination of the joints.

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Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: NSAIDs

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often prescribed to manage the pain and reduce inflammation associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

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What is a drug-food interaction?

The reaction between a drug and food or drink. Food can affect how the drug works in the body, changing its effectiveness or side effects.

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What is an example of drug synergism?

When combining aspirin and caffeine, the combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects, leading to better pain relief.

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How can Coca-Cola affect ibuprofen?

Drinking Coca-Cola with ibuprofen can significantly increase the absorption of ibuprofen in the body, raising its concentration in the blood.

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How can green vegetables affect warfarin?

Green vegetables are rich in vitamin K, which helps with blood clotting. Warfarin is a blood thinner that works by blocking vitamin K, so eating spinach can reduce warfarin's effectiveness.

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How can milk affect tetracyclines?

Milk is high in calcium, which can bind to tetracyclines, making them less available for absorption in the body. This can reduce the effectiveness of the antibiotic.

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What is bioavailability?

The extent to which a drug reaches its intended target in the body after administration. It refers to how much of the drug is absorbed and available to exert its effect.

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How can matured cheese affect phenelzine?

Matured cheese is high in tyramine, which can interact with certain medications like phenelzine. It can increase blood pressure and cause adverse effects.

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What are the potential effects of drug-food interactions?

Drug-food interactions can make a medication less effective, cause new or worse side effects, or change the way the body uses food.

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What is the significance of drug synergism?

Drug synergism refers to the combination of two or more drugs that results in a greater effect than the sum of their individual effects. This can be beneficial in treating certain conditions but can also lead to adverse reactions.

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What are some common examples of drug-food interactions?

Common examples include the interaction of tetracyclines with calcium in milk, warfarin with vitamin K in green vegetables, and ibuprofen with Coca-Cola.

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