Oligosaccharides and Monosaccharides Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the maximum number of monosaccharide units that an oligosaccharide can yield upon hydrolysis?

  • 2
  • 10 (correct)
  • 12
  • 20

    • Which type of monosaccharide has a carbonyl group at the first carbon?

  • Pentose
  • Triose
  • Aldose (correct)
  • Ketose

    • What distinguishes a polysaccharide from an oligosaccharide?

  • The number of monosaccharide units produced upon hydrolysis (correct)
  • The chemical formula of the sugar
  • The type of glycosidic linkage
  • The presence of ketone groups

    • Which of the following classifications of monosaccharides refers to those with six carbon atoms?

    <p>Hexose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disaccharides yield how many molecules of monosaccharides upon hydrolysis?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aldotriose has the molecular structure CHO, HCOH, HCOH, CH2OH?

    <p>D-Glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes aldotetrose from other types of monosaccharides?

    <p>Configuration around C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an aldohexose?

    <p>D-Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ketose has the configuration of CH2OH, C=O, HOCH, HCOH, CH2OH?

    <p>D-Xylulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does chirality play in the classification of monosaccharides?

    <p>Distinguishes between different sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of monosaccharides differs in configuration around C3?

    <p>D-Ribulose and D-Xylulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carbon atoms are present in pentoses?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about aldomonoses?

    <p>They can be either pentoses or hexoses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sugars is considered the sweetest monosaccharide?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific rotation of α-D-Glucose?

    <p>+112.2°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharide is a structural component of DNA?

    <p>D-2-deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during mutarotation in reducing sugars?

    <p>An equilibrium mixture of anomers is formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is sometimes referred to as blood sugar?

    <p>D-glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a carbohydrate derivative?

    <p>Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate structure is characterized by a ketone group?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main physiological role of glycogen in humans?

    <p>Primary energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes reducing disaccharides from non-reducing disaccharides?

    <p>Ability to reduce metal ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a homopolysaccharide?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is incorrect?

    <p>All carbohydrates contain the formula $(CH_2O)n$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance can serve as a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate is a derivative that functions in the synthesis of ascorbic acid?

    <p>Deoxy sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes chiral and achiral sugars?

    <p>Aldoses with 3 carbons or more are chiral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of stereoisomers for a sugar containing 4 chiral carbon atoms?

    <p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many D stereoisomers are present in a pentose sugar?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates D and L isomers of carbohydrates?

    <p>They are mirror images of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of isomerism involves molecules with the same molecular formula that differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon?

    <p>Stereoisomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the ability of a substance to rotate plane polarized light?

    <p>Optical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sugars is an example of a hexose?

    <p>Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    D and L enantiomers rotate plane polarized light in what manner?

    <p>In opposite directions with equal magnitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an epimer in carbohydrate chemistry?

    <p>Two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about racemic mixtures is accurate?

    <p>Racemic mixtures have an optical rotation of zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbon atom's configuration differs between D-Mannose and D-Galactose?

    <p>C-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form does glucose predominantly exist in solution?

    <p>As a closed-chain structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of mutarotation involves what specific characteristic of cyclic sugars?

    <p>They are in equilibrium between α and β forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes α and β anomers of glucose?

    <p>The configuration of the C-1 (anomeric) carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sugars is a structural isomer of glucose?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes isomers?

    <p>Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrate Overview

    • Carbohydrates are compounds with the formula (CH₂O)ₙ.
    • Many, but not all, carbohydrates have this empirical formula.
    • Some carbohydrates (derivatives) do not have this formula.
    • Some non-carbohydrate compounds have the same formula.
    • Carbohydrates are classified chemically as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or their derivatives and polymers.
    • Carbohydrates are important for providing energy, storage, structural components, and are components of connective tissues, bone, cartilage, skin, membranes and nerve tissue, and blood group substances.

    Biomedical Importance

    • Carbohydrates play various roles in biological systems.
    • Examples include functions, nomenclature, classification, and structures.
    • Glycosidic linkages, cyclization, and isomerization of monosaccharides.
    • Derivatives of monosaccharides like sugar phosphate, deoxy sugars, sugar alcohol, sugar acids, and ascorbic acid are also important.
    • Both reducing and non-reducing disaccharides are significant.
    • Polysaccharides include homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides and have a vast range of roles.
    • Glycoconjugates like proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and peptidoglycans are also important and multifaceted.
    • Digestion and absorption mechanisms of carbohydrates and associated clinical correlations are crucial.

    Classification of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrate classification is based on the number of sugar units produced during hydrolysis.
    • Monosaccharides are the simplest form, not further hydrolyzable into simpler units.
    • Disaccharides yield two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.
    • Oligosaccharides yield 3-10 monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.
    • Polysaccharides yield more than 10 monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.
    • Polysaccharides are divided into two groups: Homo and Hetero-polysaccharides.

    Monosaccharides

    • Monosaccharides are considered "simple sugars".
    • These cannot be further hydrolyzed into simpler forms.
    • They differ based on their position of the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) in the structure, and their number of carbons.
      • Triose(3C), Tetrose(4C), Pentose(5C), Hexose(6C).
    • Monosaccharides are classified based on the location of their carbonyl groups and the number of carbons.
      • Aldoses: The carbonyl group is an aldehyde.
      • Ketoses: The carbonyl group is a ketone.
    • The configuration around specific carbon atoms (e.g., C2) distinguishes different monosaccharides.

    Stereoisomers

    • Same molecular formula, different structures
    • Two types of stereoisomers, D and L isomers.
    • Enantiomers are mirror images of each other
    • Optical isomerism refers to the ability of certain molecules to rotate plane-polarized light.
    • Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures.

    Epimers

    • Epimers are two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom in their structures.
    • Specific examples include D-mannose and D-glucose and D-galactose and D-glucose.

    Anomerism & Mutarotation

    • Anomers are isomers that differ only in the configuration around their anomeric carbon (the new chiral center formed during cyclization).
    • Mutarotation is the spontaneous interconversion of alpha and beta anomers in solution, which affects the specific rotation.
    • All reducing sugars exhibit mutarotation.

    Important Monosaccharides

    • Certain monosaccharides are essential for various biological functions.
      • Trioses: e.g., D-glyceraldehyde, and dihydroxyacetone
      • Tetroses: e.g., Erythrose-4-P
      • Pentoses: e.g., D-ribose, D-2-deoxyribose
      • Hexoses: e.g., glucose, galactose, fructose
      • Heptoses: e.g., D-altro-heptulose and L-glycero-D-manno-heptose

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    Carbohydrates 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on oligosaccharides and monosaccharides with this quiz. Explore questions about hydrolysis, carbon structures, and the distinctions between different types of sugars. Perfect for students studying biochemistry or carbohydrate chemistry.

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