L13 Smell and Taste
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism behind adaptation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)?

  • Direct sensory input from the environment
  • Increase in olfactory bulb activity
  • Centrifugal fibers from CNS (correct)
  • Enhanced receptor sensitivity

    • How quickly does the olfactory system show adaptation after stimulation?

  • Only after several minutes
  • About 50% in the first second (correct)
  • Approximately 10 seconds
  • Approximately 30 seconds

    • What structure allows for the comparison of smell between the two sides of the brain?

  • Olfactory bulbs
  • Uncus
  • Anterior perforated substance
  • Medial olfactory stria (correct)

    • Where do second-order olfactory fibers synapse?

    <p>Anterior olfactory nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of collateral axons from the anterior olfactory nucleus?

    <p>To provide contralateral sensory inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of extinction in the olfactory system?

    <p>Rapid reduction in sensory detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary innervation for the circumvallate papillae?

    <p>CN9 (glossopharyngeal nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the anterior olfactory nucleus?

    <p>To integrate bilateral olfactory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical pathway allows olfactory information to travel to the opposite hemisphere?

    <p>Medial olfactory stria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following taste modalities is most sensitive to ionized salts?

    <p>Salty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of taste buds are located in the vertical folds along the posterolateral edge of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecule is primarily associated with the bitter taste?

    <p>Long-chain organic molecules containing nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste modality is NOT recognized as one of the five basic tastes?

    <p>Spicy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical landmark separating the anterior 2/3 of the tongue from the posterior 1/3?

    <p>Sulcus terminalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many taste buds can be found approximately on each filiform papillae?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for solitary chemoreceptor cells located throughout the head?

    <p>Chemosensors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the solitary nucleus in the gustatory system?

    <p>It is where 1st order neurons synapse before ascending to the cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of second order neurons in the olfactory pathway?

    <p>They connect the olfactory bulb directly to the primary olfactory cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures receive input from the primary gustatory cortex?

    <p>Gustatory association cortex, orbitofrontal gyri, and hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the innervation of the tongue?

    <p>The vagus nerve provides both taste and general sensory innervation to the epiglottis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the SVA axons in cranial nerves VII, IX, and X from other sensory pathways?

    <p>They primarily convey gustatory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the amygdala in relation to taste perception?

    <p>It is involved in the emotional responses to food, including liking or disliking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes primarily to the difference in taste between different flavors, such as jellybean and grape jellybean?

    <p>Olfaction plays a critical role in distinguishing between different flavors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the medial and lateral olfactory striae project after they split from the olfactory tract?

    <p>Both project to the primary olfactory cortex, bypassing the thalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do axons of ganglia neurons synapse in the gustatory ascending pathway?

    <p>VPM nucleus of the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for taste sensation from the posterior one-third of the tongue?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the olfactory pathway, which cortex is involved in odor identification and categorization?

    <p>Piriform Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily involved in autonomic responses related to olfactory stimuli?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory innervation provides the sensation of touch and temperature to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

    <p>Lingual nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary receptor type for olfaction?

    <p>Modified Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many functional olfactory receptor genes are there approximately?

    <p>450</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of encoding is primarily associated with gustation?

    <p>Labelled-Line Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters are involved in taste signal transduction?

    <p>ATP and Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition of complete loss of taste called?

    <p>Ageusia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves misperception of normal odors?

    <p>Parosmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor do salty and sour taste modalities utilize?

    <p>Transmembrane Ion Channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in the membrane potential upon stimulation of olfactory receptors?

    <p>Becomes more positive, enabling action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of flavor is commonly attributed to smell?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are primarily involved in detecting odorants?

    <p>Olfactory Receptors (ORs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many action potentials per second can Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) generate?

    <p>20-30 APs/sec</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Olfactory Cilia in Olfactory Receptor Neurons?

    <p>They house the olfactory receptors where odor detection occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the olfactory receptor proteins expressed by individual ORNs?

    <p>Each ORN expresses distinct olfactory receptor proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process through which odorants bind to Olfactory Receptors and generate receptor potentials is an example of what type of mechanism?

    <p>G-Protein Coupled Mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of ORN tuning, what does it mean that each Olfactory Receptor can bind to multiple odors?

    <p>Each receptor can bind to various odorants, contributing to a broader detection capability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is primarily associated with processing olfactory and gustatory information?

    <p>Orbitofrontal Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus in the gustatory pathway?

    <p>It relays gustatory signals to the primary gustatory cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in coordinating conscious taste and smell, contributing to flavor perception?

    <p>Orbitofrontal gyri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where do the SVA axons in cranial nerves VII, IX, and X converge?

    <p>Solitary nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the amygdala play in the gustatory system?

    <p>It processes emotional responses associated with taste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cortical region receives information directly from the primary gustatory cortex?

    <p>Gustatory association cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are involved in the sensory transduction of both taste and smell?

    <p>G-Protein Coupled Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for integrating olfactory and gustatory information?

    <p>Orbitofrontal Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chemoreceptors are responsible for detecting chemical changes within the body, such as pH levels?

    <p>Central Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chemical exteroceptors in relation to taste?

    <p>Recognizing taste modalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sensory deficit is likely to occur as a result of a lesion in the gustatory pathway?

    <p>Loss of ability to taste sweet flavors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do peripheral chemoreceptors contribute to homeostasis in the body?

    <p>By regulating oxygen and carbon dioxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do specialized receptor cells play in the gustatory and olfactory systems?

    <p>They convert chemical signals into neural activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a lesion in the olfactory pathway?

    <p>Loss of olfactory function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of centrifugal fibers in the adaptation process of olfactory receptor neurons?

    <p>To mediate the extinction of olfactory sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After stimulation, olfactory receptor neurons adapt at what rate during the first second?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medial olfactory stria primarily connects neurons from the anterior olfactory nucleus to which structure?

    <p>Contralateral olfactory bulb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure allows olfactory fibers to communicate between the two sides of the brain?

    <p>Anterior commissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior olfactory nucleus plays a key role in providing which aspect of olfactory perception?

    <p>Comparison of odor intensity between the olfactory bulbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adaptation do olfactory receptor neurons undergo after the first second of stimulation?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fibers are primarily responsible for the extinction of olfactory sensations?

    <p>Centrifugal fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT involved in the olfactory system's processing of sensations?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste modalities are detected by Type II taste receptor cells?

    <p>Sweet, umami, and bitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the activation of TRPV1 receptors found on polymodal nociceptors?

    <p>Acids and capsaicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trigeminal nerve primarily transmits the sensation of spicy stimuli?

    <p>CN V (Trigeminal Nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Type III cells contribute to taste perception?

    <p>They transduce sour taste signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the response from trigeminal nociceptors to certain tastants?

    <p>They respond to irritants with much higher threshold concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is primarily associated with the detection of taste stimuli?

    <p>Microvilli on taste receptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Type I taste receptor cells?

    <p>Supporting function for other cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is known to activate trigeminal receptors as an irritant?

    <p>Capsaicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemicals are primarily responsible for the sweet taste modality?

    <p>Sugars, alcohols, and aldehydes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste modality is primarily linked to the detection of acidic compounds?

    <p>Sour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are taste buds distributed across the circumvallate papillae?

    <p>Approximately 600 buds each</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve primarily innervates the vertical folds located along the posterolateral edge of the tongue?

    <p>CN IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the concept of a taste map on the tongue is accurate?

    <p>Taste perception is uniform across the tongue's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the bitter taste modality is true?

    <p>It recognizes long-chain organic molecules containing nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total taste buds is located in the circumvallate papillae?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are found throughout the head and resemble taste cells?

    <p>Solitary chemoreceptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily distinguishes the taste of different jellybeans, such as a regular jellybean and a grape jellybean?

    <p>Differences in olfactory perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

    <p>Facial nerve via Chorda tympani (CN VII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does the piriform cortex process in relation to olfactory stimuli?

    <p>Odor identification and categorization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the olfactory pathway, which structure acts as the first relay for olfactory signals after the olfactory bulb?

    <p>Primary olfactory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the olfactory receptor neurons is true?

    <p>They generate action potentials upon stimulation by odorants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are part of the general sensory innervation of the tongue?

    <p>Lingual nerve (CN V3) and glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to olfactory stimuli, what role does the amygdala serve?

    <p>Regulating autonomic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region integrates memory aspects with olfactory processing in the brain?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature does the olfactory system utilize to pass through the ethmoid bone?

    <p>Cribriform Plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ORNs projecting to the same glomerulus?

    <p>Is linked to the type of receptor expressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of axons do ORNs bundle into as they enter the olfactory bulb?

    <p>Unmyelinated axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synapses do periglomerular cells form within the olfactory bulb?

    <p>Dendrodendritic synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is stated about the glomeruli in the olfactory bulb?

    <p>There is no defined zonation among them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells serve as the primary inhibitory interneurons in the olfactory bulb?

    <p>Granule cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in a typical mouse olfactory epithelium?

    <p>15,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily responsible for the output of the olfactory bulb?

    <p>Mitral cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of periglomerular cells compared to other types of neurons in the olfactory bulb?

    <p>They do not possess axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical organization of the olfactory bulb includes axons from olfactory receptor neurons and dendrites from mitral cells?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the regeneration period for Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs)?

    <p>Every 6-8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>To detect and transduce odorant signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the tuning of Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs)?

    <p>They show a range of tuning for different odorants and encode stimulus intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) located?

    <p>In the nasal epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in relation to gustatory processing?

    <p>Homeostatic regulation of satiety and pleasure for food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure receives sensory input from the primary gustatory cortex for processing emotional responses?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do second-order synapses occur in the gustatory pathway?

    <p>Solitary nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gustatory association cortex?

    <p>Integration of taste and olfactory signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the role of SVA axons in cranial nerves VII, IX, and X?

    <p>They convey taste sensations from various regions of the tongue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for the projection of second-order neurons in the olfactory pathway?

    <p>Lateral olfactory stria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the medial olfactory stria serve in the olfactory pathway?

    <p>Connects to the hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the olfactory system, which component is primarily responsible for autonomic responses?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

    <p>Facial nerve (CN VII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area receives direct input from the olfactory tract, bypassing the thalamus?

    <p>Primary olfactory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory information is processed by the lingual nerve (CN V3) in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

    <p>Pain and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure distinguishes the olfactory system by allowing the comparison of smelling between the two hemispheres of the brain?

    <p>Anterior perforated substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory nerve endings serve the posterior one-third of the tongue responsible for taste?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of cells are primarily responsible for detecting sweet, umami, and bitter tastes in the taste bud?

    <p>Type II cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is primarily involved in carrying information about spicy stimuli?

    <p>Cranial Nerve V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Type III cells in taste buds?

    <p>Transduce sour taste signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a characteristic of TRPV1 receptors involved in spicy taste perception?

    <p>Activated by temperatures &gt; 109°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following taste modalities is primarily processed by type II taste receptor cells?

    <p>Bitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are associated with the gustatory pathway as mentioned?

    <p>VII, IX, X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ammonia in the context of trigeminal nerve receptors?

    <p>Triggers an autonomic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many taste receptor cells (TRCs) are typically found in a single taste bud?

    <p>50-100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Olfaction and Gustatory Sensation

    • Olfaction and gustation are chemoreceptor systems
    • Olfaction detects airborne molecules (smell)
    • Gustation detects dissolved molecules (taste)
    • Both use G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) for transduction
    • Olfactory receptors are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity
    • Olfactory neurons (ORNs) are bipolar neurons with cilia that detect odorants
    • Each ORN expresses a single type of odorant receptor
    • ORNs project to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb
    • Olfactory information passes through the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex
    • Gustatory receptors are located in taste buds on the tongue
    • Different regions of the tongue detect different taste modalities
    • Taste information is relayed through cranial nerves VII, IX, and X to the nucleus of the solitary tract
    • The nucleus of the solitary tract relays this information to the thalamus
    • Taste information then projects to the primary gustatory cortex located in the insular cortex and frontal operculum
    • Olfactory signals are relayed to the primary olfactory cortex in medial and lateral striae and orbitofrontal cortex and other regions
    • Taste signals are relayed through the solitary nucleus also to the thalamus
    • Olfactory information reaches consciousness in the orbitofrontal cortex as "flavor"
    • 80% of flavor is determined by smell

    Learning Objectives

    • Understand the molecular steps of olfactory and gustatory sensory transduction
    • Describe the pathways for smell and taste information
    • Predict sensory deficits from lesions in the olfactory or gustatory pathways
    • List differences and similarities between olfaction and gustation

    Chemoreceptors inside and out

    • Chemical interoceptors monitor homeostasis, detecting compounds in blood, CSF, and mucus
    • Peripheral chemoreceptors (e.g., carotid and aortic bodies)
    • Central chemoreceptors (e.g., ventrolateral medulla, area postrema)
    • Chemical exteroceptors detect compounds in the environment, including smell and taste
    • Specialized receptor cells with high turnover rates
    • Commonly employ G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
    • Communicate with limbic and memory systems

    Olfactory Bulb and Stalk

    • Olfactory and gustatory information reaches consciousness in orbitofrontal cortex
    • 80% of flavor is determined by smell

    Olfactory Receptors

    • Receptor potentials are graded
    • Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) spontaneously generate action potentials
    • Olfactory cilia are non-motile organelles where odor receptor proteins are situated
    • Each ORN expresses only one type of olfactory receptor gene

    Olfactory System: ORN Tuning

    • Each olfactory receptor binds multiple odors
    • Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) exhibit a variety of responses to different odors.
    • Response magnitude is generally correlated with stimulus intensity.

    Olfactory Epithelium

    • Olfactory epithelium lines the nasal cavity
    • Contains olfactory receptor cells
    • Also includes supporting cells, basal cells, and Bowman's glands

    Olfactory Epithelium (OE)

    • Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are bipolar neurons
    • ORNs regenerate every 6-8 weeks
    • Central processes of ORNs bundle into unmyelinated olfactory fibers
    • These fibers then pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

    Cribriform Plate

    • The olfactory nerves pass through perforations (foramina) in the cribriform plate
    • ~20 perforations per side in the ethmoid bone

    Olfactory Bulb (OB) and Tract

    • Outgrowths of the telencephalon
    • Not technically peripheral nerves

    ORNs expressing the same receptor project to the same glomerulus

    • ORNs and glomeruli have corresponding zonation
    • There is no correlation found between zone, odor perception or chemical structure

    Anatomical Organisation of the Olfactory Bulb

    • Glomeruli receive axons from olfactory receptor neurons and contain mitral cells and periglomerular cells
    • Mitral cells are the main output neurons of the olfactory bulb

    Olfactory Tracts and Anterior Olfactory Nucleus

    • Extinction and adaptation are due to centrifugal (efferent) fibers
    • ORNs adapt about 50% in the first second, and then adapt more slowly
    • Within a minute of stimulus sensation extinguishes

    Medial Olfactory Stria

    • Neurons in medial olfactory stria pass through the anterior commissure
    • Travel to the contralateral olfactory bulb

    Olfactory Trigone

    • Olfactory tract splits into medial and lateral olfactory striae

    Primary Olfactory Cortex

    • Second-order neurons (mitral and tufted cells) project to the primary olfactory cortex, bypassing the thalamus

    Olfactory Pathway

    • Olfactory information is relayed to the primary olfactory cortex and other areas such as the orbitofrontal cortex.

    The Other "20%"

    • Component of flavor is called "sapid"
    • Difference in taste between jellybeans is due to olfaction

    Special Sensory Innervation of the Tongue

    • Facial nerve (CN VII) Innervates Anterior 2/3 of tongue for taste
    • Glossopharygeal nerve (CN IX) innervates Posterior 1/3 of tongue for taste

    Lingual Papillae

    • Located on the tongue, and include specialized structures for taste perception
    • Different types of papillae are associated with different areas of the tongue

    Taste Modalities

    • Five basic tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami
    • Chemical stimuli activate specific receptors leading to specific sensations

    There is no "taste map" on the tongue

    • Taste receptor cells are located throughout the tongue.

    Surface Protein TRPV1 on Polymodal Nociceptors

    • Activated by temperatures over 109°F and chemical irritants

    Taste Receptors

    • 50 -100 taste receptor cells (TRCs) per taste bud
    • Each taste bud has TRCs of multiple types
    • Each TRC expresses a single taste receptor

    Gustatory Pathway

    • Gustatory information is carried to the brain through cranial nerves
    • Primarily relays to the nucleus of the solitary tract

    Brainstem Nuclei

    • Contains various nuclei involved in sensory processing, including the nucleus of the solitary tract

    Solitary Nucleus and Tract

    • Nucleus of the solitary tract relays gustatory information to the thalamus
    • Gustatory information to the brain can also involve the Thalamus

    Gustatory Pathway (for us)

    • Axons from the solitary nucleus project to the contralateral thalamus

    Primary Gustatory Cortex

    • Located in the opercular regions of the parietal and frontal lobes, anterior, inferior insular cortex

    From 1º Gustatory Cortex, information travels to:

    • Gustatory association cortex in the insula
    • Orbitofrontal gyri for coordination of conscious taste and smell
    • Hypothalamus and/or Amygdalas for emotional and autonomic reflexes

    What's the Difference?

    • Olfactory receptors are airborne molecules, use modified neurons and have a variety of types
    • Gustatory receptors are less volatile molecules and use modified epithelial cells
    • Both involved in a variety of types of encoding

    Smell

    • Odorants activate olfactory receptors, which in turn cause a cascade of intracellular signals.

    Taste

    • Taste stimuli are detected in the taste buds.

    Disorders

    • Olfactory and gustatory disorders include hyposmia, anosmia, parosmia, phantosmia, and similar gustatory disorders.

    Key Concepts

    • Comprehensive list of concepts related to olfaction and gustation

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    Smell and Taste Sensation Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

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