Olfaction and Gustation Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which structure is responsible for identifying smells?

  • Olfactory gland
  • Frontal lobe (correct)
  • Hypothalamus
  • Amygdala

Taste buds must be replaced every 10 days.

True (A)

What chemical process occurs whenNa+ ions depolarize channels in response to salty tastes?

channel activation

The ______ papillae contain the most taste buds, forming a V shape.

<p>circumvallate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tastes with their corresponding receptor activation method:

<p>Salty = Channel depolarization Sweet = Receptor binding with G-proteins Bitter = Receptor binding with G-proteins Umami = Receptor binding with G-proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tensor tympani muscle?

<p>Limit movement and increase tension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cochlea is responsible for both hearing and equilibrium.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure contains hair cells for equilibrium?

<p>semicircular ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______________ reflex reduces vibrations on the ossicles to prevent damage to the inner ear.

<p>acoustic attenuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the inner ear with their primary functions:

<p>Semicircular canals = Equilibrium detection Vestibule = Head position detection Cochlea = Hearing Ampulla = Angular movement detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sound volume relate to membrane vibrations?

<p>Louder sounds result from more movement and pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

High-frequency sound waves displace the basilar membrane near the base.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve carries sound vibrations from the cochlea to the brainstem?

<p>vestibular cochlear nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for draining aqueous humor?

<p>Scleral venous sinus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rods are more densely located in the central fovea compared to cones.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is released from photoreceptors?

<p>glutamic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lens of the eye is made of __________.

<p>crystallines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following eye components with their functions:

<p>Cornea = Refracts 75% of light Lens = Refracts 25% of light Ciliary muscle = Changes shape of the lens Optic disc = Blind spot</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when the ciliary muscle tightens?

<p>The lens rounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transretinol is formed when light activates the visual pathway.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the ear connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

<p>Eustachian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ serves to trap and direct sound waves to the middle ear.

<p>pinna</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the middle ear is responsible for transmitting vibrations to the oval window?

<p>Stapes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Olfactory Pathway

The route by which smell information travels from the nose to the brain. It involves odorant binding to receptors, activating G-proteins, producing cAMP, opening channels for sodium and calcium, and ultimately leading to depolarization.

Taste Bud

Small, sensory structures on the tongue that help us perceive taste. They contain taste receptor cells that are sensitive to different chemical compounds.

What are the 5 basic tastes?

The five basic tastes are sour, sweet, bitter, salty, and umami. Each taste is detected by different receptor cells on the tongue.

Lacrimal Apparatus

The system in the eye that produces and drains tears. It includes the lacrimal gland, ducts, and sac.

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Oculomotor Nerve

A cranial nerve that controls the movement of four muscles in the eye: superior, medial, and inferior rectus, and the inferior oblique.

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What does the Eustachian tube do?

The Eustachian tube opens during swallowing or yawning to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere. This prevents pressure imbalances that could affect hearing.

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Name the middle ear muscles

The middle ear contains two muscles: the tensor tympani and the stapedius. These muscles help protect the inner ear from loud noises.

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What is the Acoustic Attenuation Reflex?

The Acoustic Attenuation Reflex is a protective mechanism in the ear. When loud noises are detected, the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles contract, reducing vibrations in the ossicles and protecting the inner ear from damage.

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What are the parts of the bony labyrinth?

The bony labyrinth is a cavity in the temporal bone containing three parts: the semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea.

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What does the cochlea do?

The cochlea contains the cochlear duct, which is responsible for hearing. It has specialized hair cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals.

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What is the role of the basilar membrane?

The basilar membrane vibrates in response to sound waves. Different frequencies of sound cause different regions of the membrane to vibrate, which helps the brain distinguish between different pitches.

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What are the two types of hair cells?

There are inner and outer hair cells. Inner hair cells are responsible for hearing and sensory functions. Outer hair cells help fine-tune sound, acting as motor cells.

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Describe the auditory pathway

The auditory pathway starts with sound vibrations detected in the cochlea. These signals travel through the vestibular cochlear nerve to the brainstem, then to the superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, and thalamus. Finally, the signals reach the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe for processing.

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Inferior Oblique

A muscle that rotates the eye upwards and outwards. It is an extrinsic eye muscle innervated by the oculomotor nerve.

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Trochlear Nerve

The cranial nerve that controls the superior oblique muscle, responsible for downward and inward eye rotation.

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Abducens Nerve

The cranial nerve that controls the lateral rectus muscle, responsible for outward eye movement.

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Scleral Venous Sinus

A small channel in the eye that drains aqueous humor (fluid that nourishes the eye) into the blood.

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Ciliary Muscle

A ring-shaped muscle that helps focus the lens by changing its shape.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System (Vision)

The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for constricting the pupil in bright light.

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Sympathetic Nervous System (Vision)

The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for dilating the pupil in dim light.

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Central Fovea

The center of the macula lutea in the eye, responsible for sharp, detailed vision.

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Accommodation Reflex

The ability of the eye to adjust the focus of the lens to see objects at different distances.

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Optic Disc

The point on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye, creating a blind spot due to the absence of photoreceptors.

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Study Notes

Olfaction (Smell)

  • Olfactory receptors are bipolar neurons located in the nasal mucosa
  • Mucus dissolves odorants allowing them to be detected
  • Simple columnar epithelium supports, nourishes, and detoxifies olfactory receptors.
  • Olfactory stem cells constantly replace receptors which have a lifespan of approximately one month.
  • The facial nerve controls the olfactory gland and supporting cells.
  • Olfaction pathway begins at olfactory hairs and propagates upwards.
  • Odorant binding to receptors activates G-proteins.
  • G-proteins activate adenylate cyclase.
  • ATP is converted to cyclic AMP (cAMP).
  • cAMP opens channels allowing sodium and calcium influx, depolarizing the neuron.
  • Frontal lobe identifies the smell and the hypothalamus and amygdala create an emotional response.
  • Receptors for smell are located on the tips of bipolar neurons in the nasal mucous membrane,.
  • Odorants dissolve in mucous.

Gustation (Taste)

  • Taste receptors are located on taste buds.
  • Taste buds are protected by basal epithelial cells which are stem cells that replace gustatory cells every 10 days.
  • Taste receptors respond to tastants (chemicals in food) and release neurotransmitters.
  • Basic tastes include sour, sweet, bitter, salty and umami.

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Special Senses (Olfaction&Gustation) PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of olfaction and gustation, exploring the biological mechanisms behind smell and taste. It examines the role of olfactory receptors, the olfactory pathway, and the structure of taste buds, as well as their connections to brain functions. Test your knowledge on how these senses interact with our emotions and perceptions.

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