Old English: Roman Invasion to Earliest Manuscripts

Goths destroyed Rome, and remaining Romans withdrew from Britain.

They brought their language with them.

King Alfred the Great

<p>Norman French became the ruling class language, and approximately 10,000 French words entered the English language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The London dialect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a tool, adapted as required by its users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>William Caxton introduced the first printing press into England.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Samuel Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, which recorded language as it was used at that time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Great Vowel Shift was a change in pronunciation that took place towards the end of Middle English and continued for approximately 200 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pronunciation of vowels, particularly long vowels, changed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The movement of people to the south-east of England and a desire to sound different from the ruling classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They introduced many new words and idioms into the English language and helped establish the prestige of the English language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He introduced over 1700 words and linguistic variations, such as changing nouns into verbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lexis has expanded in response to industrial and social developments as well as colonialism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New words were invented or adapted from other languages such as Italian and French to describe new ideas and practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helped to standardize spelling, punctuation, and the system of writing, making the printed word more widely available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Present Day English (PDE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New words for things that had not existed previously</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many different areas, including fashion, food, leisure, medicine, and chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptivist</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When individuals and groups perceive a benefit in a change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The change in language used on the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One-way, from the pre-existing generation of society to the emerging</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the effectiveness of language learning in environments where understandings of the language are the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not cover all methods of learning, such as trial and error, and cannot account for the variety of language that may be formed from it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Languages change as a result of the uneven use of spoken language, with people favouring one way of pronouncing words over others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language change occurs due to the influence of one variety of language on another through contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the Substratum Theory, the language does not simply gain new lexis, but changes its existing forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New words can be created through the combination of existing sounds and letters, filling gaps in the language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Wave Model focuses on the geographical and social spread of language features, while the Tree Model focuses on the linguistic relationships between languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Latin is the proto-language for the Romance languages, including French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Romanian.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the importance of language contact and globalisation in shaping language change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is regarded as too general for close analysis, as it presumes that everyone is trying to speak in the same way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides evidence for the Substratum Theory, showing how language change occurs through language contact and globalisation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proto-Germanic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Tree Model assumes languages change by splitting from a common core, while the Wave Model proposes that languages evolve from one disturbance or change, spreading outward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The S-curve Model proposes that language changes begin slowly, accelerate as more speakers adopt them, and eventually level off, with the rate of adoption following an S-shaped curve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The debate is whether language change stems from the creation of new forms ('progress') or the decline of old forms ('decay').</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deutscher's book explores how language change arises from a combination of the human mind's craving for order and the need to find regularity, as well as the instinct to be expressive and innovative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language change has sped up dramatically with the advent of the internet and mass media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prescriptive approach sees a 'gold standard' of English that should be preserved, while the descriptive approach sees English as evolving to accommodate the needs of its users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is not explicitly mentioned in the text, but the Substratum Theory suggests that a language's grammar and vocabulary are influenced by the grammar and vocabulary of the languages spoken by the people who adopted it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Tree Model assumes that languages change by splitting from a common core, similar to a family tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pidgin and creole languages are examples of languages that mix and blend, rather than splitting from a common core, which challenges the Tree Model's assumption of language development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary focus of Bernstein's theory is to link language with educational achievement, suggesting that individuals who use a more in-depth language are more likely to succeed academically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elaborated code is characterized by accurate and varied grammatical order, complex sentences, and unusual and varied lexis, whereas restricted code is marked by simple and short sentences, limited lexis, and hesitancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stages of language development occur at roughly the same times in children, children's language development follows a similar pattern across cultures, and deaf children who have not been exposed to a spoken language may make up their own language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bernstein's theory suggests that children who are not exposed to both restricted and elaborated codes may be at a disadvantage in educational settings, particularly in language-based subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Co-evolution refers to the idea that languages and their varieties evolve as their speakers do, and that language must change to remain effective for its users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From birth to puberty is considered a sensitive time for acquisition of a native language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The LAD is an innate module of the mind that provides an innate capacity for language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The seven functions of language are instrumental, regulatory, interactional, and four others, and they are essential for children to acquire language skills in their early years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Halliday's Functional Theory suggests that language evolves to meet the needs of its users, which is closely tied to the concept of co-evolution, and implies that language is constantly changing to remain effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The LAD itself was not enough for Jim to learn to speak, suggesting that the LAD is not sufficient to explain language development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of Genie supports the idea of a critical period for native language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bernstein's theory remains relevant in contemporary education, highlighting the importance of exposure to both restricted and elaborated codes to support academic achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ritchie argues that there is no innate programming for language acquisition and that children learn language through experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concept of co-evolution suggests that language varieties and dialects evolve as their speakers do, and that language must change to remain effective for its users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bernstein's theory suggests that language is a critical factor in educational achievement, and that exposure to both restricted and elaborated codes is essential for academic success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The subject-verb form of grammar is common to all languages and children seem to be aware of this structure even when they make up their own languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Halliday's Functional Theory suggests that language evolves to meet the needs of its users, and that language acquisition is a critical process in shaping human society and relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children learn language just as they learn all their other skills, by experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The studies of feral children, such as Jim and Genie, provide insights into the limitations of the theory of the LAD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the sensitive period, language learning might be more successful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To express personal opinions, feelings, and identity of the speaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The behaviourist theory suggests that language is acquired through conditioning and imitation, while the innate language competence theory suggests that humans have an innate ability to learn language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To explore the world and to learn and discover</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children correct their own language to a standard form even when adults do not correct them</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The environment plays a strong influence in shaping the language that children acquire</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that humans have an innate ability to learn language, and children are born with an instinct for a universal grammar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generated early ideas about the process of language development from which other theorists developed further ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To exchange, relay, or request information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through questions and answers, or running commentary that frequently accompanies children's play</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows children to explore their imagination and create imaginary worlds through language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of interaction with environment, assumption of innate language development, no evidence of language device in the brain, no active role of child in language acquisition, and neglect of child's social world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These studies showed that language does not develop automatically in the absence of language stimulation, contradicting the idea of innate language development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LAD assumes innate language development with no role for the child, whereas LASS emphasizes the importance of social interaction, active learning, and environmental stimulation in language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LASS suggests that children are active learners who engage with their environment and social world to acquire language, contradicting the LAD's assumption of passive language development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LASS implies that language acquisition is deeply rooted in the child's social world, and that social interaction plays a crucial role in shaping language development.</p> Signup and view all the answers