Old English Period (800-1100) Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes a synthetic type of language?

  • Utilizes grammatical gender and declension systems (correct)
  • Uses auxiliary words to express case relations
  • Relies exclusively on word order
  • Has a fixed vocabulary without inflectional endings

Which of the following is an example of a lexical remnant from Scandinavian influence?

  • Knife (correct)
  • Friend
  • Table
  • Mother

Which of the following sound changes reflects Scandinavian influence on English?

  • Lat.t- > Sc.k-
  • Lat.gi- > Sc.ge-
  • Lat.sch- > Sc.or-
  • Lat.sch- > Sc.sk- (correct)

What happened to word final 'n' in some nouns during the grammatical changes?

<p>It completely disappeared (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the suffix '-by' in place names indicate?

<p>Town or village (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personal pronoun changed from Old English to reflect Scandinavian influence?

<p>hie (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of words is an example of synonymous words differing semantically?

<p>ill - sick (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following scenarios does the analytical type of language express case relations?

<p>By utilizing auxiliary words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Old English words in relation to their Germanic roots?

<p>They had a distinctly Germanic character. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a lexical loan from the Roman language?

<p>butter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these terms refers to the decline of nouns in Old English?

<p>declination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of remnants can be identified in modern names like London and York?

<p>Celtic toponyms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words illustrates the synthetic type of Old English?

<p>moon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is NOT a consequence of the influence of Christianity on the English language around 597 A.D.?

<p>apple (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the terms 'synchrony' and 'diachrony' in language studies?

<p>Study of languages in isolation vs. their evolution over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify a feature of Old English words that differs from their modern descendants.

<p>Old English had a more complex grammatical structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gender does a synthetic type of language primarily utilize?

<p>Grammatical gender (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a phonological change associated with Scandinavian influence?

<p>Lat.gi &gt; Sc.sk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the suffixes '-by' and '-thorp' in place names typically indicate?

<p>Settlements or villages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a characteristic change in personal pronouns during the grammatical changes?

<p>Shift from hie to they (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical shift occurred in the treatment of weak declensional nouns?

<p>Drop of word final 'n' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is a lexical remnant from the Scandinavian influence?

<p>Husband (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the grammatical changes, which verb underwent a shift resulting in the final 'an' being dropped?

<p>Give (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of word pairs represents synonymous terms that differ semantically in Old English and Old Scandinavian?

<p>Rise - raise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a lexical remnant from the Celtic language visible in modern English?

<p>Avon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant influence on the English language that introduced words like 'altar' and 'monk'?

<p>Christianity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following Old English verbs means 'to teach'?

<p>Learan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a typical lexical loan from the Roman language?

<p>Wine (A), Plum (B), Bishop (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of words illustrates the concept of toponyms linked to Roman language influence?

<p>Lancaster and Chester (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes Old English words from their modern counterparts?

<p>Old English typically had a more synthetic structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to by the term 'lexical loan' in the context of language evolution?

<p>A word borrowed from another language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words is derived from Old English and denotes family relationships?

<p>Woman (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Synchrony

The study of language at a particular point in time. It focuses on the structure and vocabulary of a language at a specific moment, ignoring historical development.

Diachrony

The study of language change over time. It examines how language has evolved from its historical origins to its present form.

Lexical Loan / Loan Word

A word adopted from one language into another. It's a direct borrowing from another language, often with slight adaptations to fit the new language.

Remnant

Words that are the remnants of an older language within a newer language. These words have survived the passage of time and still exist in the language today.

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Decline / Declination

The process of inflecting nouns to indicate their grammatical function in a sentence. This involves changing the form of nouns to show singular, plural, or other grammatical roles.

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Conjugate / Conjugation

The process of inflecting verbs to indicate their tense, person, number, and mood. This is how verbs change to express different grammatical features.

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Phonetic

The study of how sounds are put together in a language. It focuses on the sound system and how sounds interact within a language.

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Morphological

The study of the structure of words, including their parts and how they are combined to form new words.

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Synthetic Languages

Languages that rely on inflectional endings to express grammatical relationships.

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Analytical Languages

Languages that use separate words like prepositions and articles to convey grammatical relationships.

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School (Scandinavian influence)

The borrowed word for a school in the English Language.

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Gap (Scandinavian influence)

The borrowed word for a gap in the English Language.

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Leg (Scandinavian influence)

The borrowed word for a leg in the English Language.

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Synonymous word pairs

Words that are similar but have slightly different meanings.

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Scandinavian influence

The Scandinavian influence on the English language and how it has changed over time.

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Personal Pronoun Shift (Scandinavian influence)

The change from 'hie' to 'they' in the English Language.

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Lexical Loan

A word borrowed from one language and adopted into another, often with slight adaptations.

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Decline (of nouns)

A change in the form of a noun to indicate its grammatical function in a sentence, such as singular, plural, or other grammatical roles.

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Conjugation (of verbs)

A change in the form of a verb to indicate its tense, person, number, and mood.

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Inflection

The process of adding endings to words to change their meaning based on grammar.

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Loan Words

Words borrowed from one language into another, sometimes with slight adjustments.

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Lexical Remnants

Remaining words or features from an older language that survive in a later language.

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Declension

The process of changing the form of a noun to indicate its grammatical function (singular, plural, etc.)

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Conjugation

The process of changing the form of a verb to indicate its tense, person, etc.

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Study Notes

Old English Period (800-1100)

  • Key Terms: Synchrony (variation at one point in time) vs. Diachrony (variation over time); Lexical Loan (borrowed word); Remnant (trace of a previous language); Decline/Declination (noun changes); Conjugate/Conjugation (verb changes); Phonetic, Phonological, Morphological, Syntactical, Lexical, Semantic, Stylistic analysis.

Remnants of Celtic Language

  • Toponyms: London, York, Thames, Avon, Dover
  • Lexical remnants: Bannock, brock, bin, ass

Remnants of Roman Language

  • Lexical loans (borrowed words):
    • Agriculture: Cherry, butter
    • Trade: Buy, cheap
    • Domestic life: Table, carpet, kitchen
    • Toponyms: Chester, caster (Lancaster)
    • Latin to Modern English: Wine (from Lat. vinum), plum (from Lat. prunus)

Christianity's Influence (597 AD)

  • Borrowed words: Church, angel, pope, bishop, nun, mass, altar, candle, monk, priest, school

Old English (OE) Characteristics

  • Germanic origins: OE words often resemble Modern English words.
    • Example: OE "níman" = Mod. E "take"
    • Example: OE "learan" = Mod. E "teach"
  • Grammatical Gender Differences: OE "stan" (masculine) vs. Mod. E "stone" (neuter)

Anglo-Saxon Period Vocabulary

  • Common Words: Mother, father, man, woman, child, spring, summer, goose, mouse, ox, duck, red, green, white, heart, foot, eye, star, sun, moon, water, come, sit, keep, make, see

Old English: Synthetic Language Type

  • Synthetic Language: Expresses grammatical relationships through inflectional endings.
  • Examples: OE noun and verb inflections.

Synthetic vs. Analytical Languages

  • Synthetic language: Grammatical gender; declension system; inflectional endings.

    • Example: Old English (OE) "níman" (infinitive)

  • Analytical language: Natural gender; auxiliary words; no inflectional endings.

    • Example: Modern English "to take"

Scandinavian Influence

  • Phonological Changes:
    • Latin "sch-" -> Scand. "sk-" (e.g., school, scheme, skill, skull)
    • Initial "g" remains unpalatalized before "e" or "i" (e.g., Scand. "get" vs. Lat. "giant")
  • Grammatical Changes: Pronoun shifts; weakening grammatical case for nouns and verbs; loss of inflectional endings.

Scandinavian Influence: Lexical Remnants

  • Toponyms: -by (Derby), -thorpe (Astonthorpe), -ness (Lochness)
  • Surnames: Scandinavian-origin surnames (e.g., Johnson)
  • Lexical Remnants (Words): gap, leg, knife, window, husband, die, take, give, get, cut, call, happy, sick, wrong, ugly, angry, steak, cake, law, loan

Lexical Remnants (Words)

  • More borrowed words from Scandinavian: gap, leg, knife, window, husband, die, take, give, get, cut, call, happy, sick, wrong, ugly, angry, steak, cake, law, loan

Grammatical Changes

  • Pronoun shifts: OE "hie" -> Scand. "they"; OE "hím" -> Scand. "them"
  • Loss of inflectional endings: weakening grammatical case for nouns, verbs
  • Examples of grammatical change: OE "jÄ“van" (give) -> Scand. "give"; OE "níman" (take) -> Scand. "take"; OE "jÄ“tan" (get) -> Scand. "get";
  • Example (to be): OE "sindon" > Scand. "are"

Synonymous Word Pairs (Differing in Meaning)

  • OE vs. Old Scandinavian: ditch/dike; rise/raise; ill/sick; craft/skill

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Test your knowledge on the Old English Period, including key terms such as synchrony, diachrony, and the influences of Celtic and Roman languages. Explore how Christianity shaped the language and its vocabulary, along with the characteristics of Old English. Dive into the remnants and lexical loans from different cultures that have contributed to this fascinating era.

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