Old English Literature Quiz

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Questions and Answers

The period of Old English Literature lasted from 600 to ______.

1066

The major Germanic tribes that migrated to England included the Angles, Saxons, and ______.

Jutes

The Anglo-Saxon society was organized into small communities with almost no communication and ______ authority.

central

Anglo-Saxon literature, particularly poetry, was often transmitted orally by ______.

<p>bards</p> Signup and view all the answers

The belief in ______, or fate, was a central theme in Anglo-Saxon culture.

<p>Wyrd</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pope Gregory the Great sent ______ to Kent to aid in the conversion to Christianity.

<p>Augustine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The manuscript that contains poems and riddles and is held at Exeter Cathedral is known as ______.

<p>Exeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ at Brunanburh and the Battle of Maldon are key examples of Anglo-Saxon battle poetry.

<p>Battle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prominent works of elegiac poetry include 'Wife’s Lament' and 'The ______.'

<p>Wanderer</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Heptarchy refers to the seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, ______, Wessex, Sussex, and Kent.

<p>Essex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wordsworth described poetry as the overflow of spontaneous ______.

<p>feeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Lake Poets, including Wordsworth and Coleridge, chose to live in ______ District.

<p>The Lake</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coleridge had a controversial approach to poetry, often dealing with mysterious and ______ themes.

<p>fantasy</p> Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to Coleridge, Wordsworth focused on simple objects in nature and aimed for accessibility in his ______.

<p>poems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Byron wrote philosophical poems that often reflected on ______ events.

<p>historical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percy Bysshe Shelley was expelled from university for writing an essay on ______.

<p>atheism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jonathan SWIFT is well known for his work titled ______.

<p>Gulliver’s Travels</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Keats is known for his short, meditative poems called ______.

<p>odes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rise of the English Novel began in the early ______.

<p>1700s</p> Signup and view all the answers

Romanticism was a movement that emerged in opposition to ______, emphasizing emotion and individualism.

<p>Enlightenment</p> Signup and view all the answers

A major contributor to the rise of the novel was the improved ______ industry.

<p>print</p> Signup and view all the answers

Daniel DEFOE's famous work is ______, published in 1719.

<p>Robinson Crusoe</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 18th century novel was characterized by detailed, realistic, and ______ prose.

<p>adventurous</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sentiment that humans are instinctively moral is attributed to ______.

<p>Shaftesbury</p> Signup and view all the answers

Samuel RICHARDSON's epistolary novel is known as ______.

<p>Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded</p> Signup and view all the answers

Henry FIELDING wrote ______, a satirical response to Pamela.

<p>Shamela</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ novel is a genre characterized by a rogue protagonist navigating various adventures.

<p>picaresque</p> Signup and view all the answers

Romanticism emphasizes ______ over reason.

<p>emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sir Orfeo originates from ______, which is known for its Celtic features.

<p>Brittany</p> Signup and view all the answers

The arrival of the Normans brought a strong ______ system to Britain.

<p>feudal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Domesday Book is considered the first ______ record in England.

<p>economical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behn’s novel combines several genres including medieval romance and _____ epic.

<p>epic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Norman Conquest in 1066 was led by ______ at the Battle of Hastings.

<p>William the Conqueror</p> Signup and view all the answers

Middle English literature experienced a revival of ______, reflecting a shift towards English identity.

<p>English</p> Signup and view all the answers

Daniel Defoe's character Robinson Crusoe reflects the idea of a _____ due to his adventures on a deserted island.

<p>new beginning</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phrase 'hope springs _____' is attributed to Alexander Pope in his work Essay on Man.

<p>eternal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his work 'The ______ Tales', which showcases various stories and characters.

<p>Canterbury</p> Signup and view all the answers

Samuel Richardson's Clarissa details the correspondence between Clarissa Harlowe and her friend _____ Howe.

<p>Anna</p> Signup and view all the answers

The literary style characterized by the use of rhyme and meter under Norman influence is known as ______ romances.

<p>metrical</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Medieval England, the church served as a source of ______ and authority in society.

<p>knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alexander Pope's writing style is characterized by a balanced poetic form known as _____ couplet.

<p>heroic</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 14th century, the poem 'The Vision Concerning ______ Plowman' criticized societal corruption.

<p>Piers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jonathan Swift's Gulliver spent much of Queen Anne's reign _____, reflecting his exile under the Tories.

<p>abroad</p> Signup and view all the answers

The conflict between England and France known as the ______ Years' War lasted from 1338 to 1453.

<p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Defoe's narrative, the character Crusoe believes that 'good is everything _____'.

<p>useful</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clarissa’s brother is seen as a representation of Stuart James II by the _____ opposition.

<p>Whig</p> Signup and view all the answers

Robinson Crusoe's departure in _____ marked the beginning of his transformative journey.

<p>1651</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ poets and writers of the 18th century explored themes of nature and emotional expression, leading to the Pre-Romantic movement.

<p>graveyard</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the moral sense theory, people are born ______ because God creates only good things.

<p>good</p> Signup and view all the answers

The new social ideal during this period was the ______ savage, representing uneducated people in their natural state.

<p>noble</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thomas Gray is best known for his poem '______ Written in a Country Churchyard,' which reflects on mortality.

<p>Elegy</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Romantic literature, there is an emphasis on the ______, individuality, and a naturalistic approach to creativity.

<p>self</p> Signup and view all the answers

William Blake's works are often contrasted between 'Songs of ______' and 'Songs of Experience'.

<p>Innocence</p> Signup and view all the answers

James Macpherson claimed that his collected poems were oral poetry composed by ______ in the 3rd century.

<p>Ossian</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diderot believed that bad education was the root cause of our ______ nature.

<p>evil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Romanticism emerged as a revolt against classical ______, morality, and authority.

<p>conservatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Robert Burns is known as 'the chronicler of ______ life', capturing the essence of Scottish culture in his poetry.

<p>Scottish</p> Signup and view all the answers

The period discussed spans from roughly 1770 to ______, marking the height of Romanticism.

<p>1840</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ established monasteries in Northumbria and Mercia.

<p>monks</p> Signup and view all the answers

CAEDMON is known for his creation of ______ Hymn.

<p>Caedmon's</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bede VENERABILIS authored the ______ Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum.

<p>Historia</p> Signup and view all the answers

The massive stone cross known as the ______ Cross contains a runic poem.

<p>Ruthwell</p> Signup and view all the answers

King ______ of Wessex is noted for his military and cultural achievements.

<p>Alfred</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Chronicle began in 890 and covers history up to the Norman Conquest.

<p>Anglo-Saxon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Viking raids led to the establishment of the ______, representing Danish control in England.

<p>Danelaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Conquest in 1066 brought significant French influence to England.

<p>Norman</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the Conquest, English became the language of the ______ class.

<p>lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Book was the first record of economic resources in England.

<p>Domesday</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heroic epics such as ______ reflect the values and narratives of Anglo-Saxon culture.

<p>Beowulf</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chansons de geste influenced the development of ______ romances in English literature.

<p>metrical</p> Signup and view all the answers

The popular narrative of King Arthur is celebrated in ______ literature, like Layamon's Historia Brutonum.

<p>English</p> Signup and view all the answers

Debates in medieval literature often involved fictional discussions regarding ______ dilemmas.

<p>moral</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Milton is known for writing ______, which gave England its own heroic epic.

<p>Paradise Lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Pilgrim's Progress, written by ______, is a Christian allegorical prose that inspired the novel genre.

<p>John Bunyan</p> Signup and view all the answers

The literary movement in the early 17th century characterized by complex metaphysical themes is known as ______ poetry.

<p>Metaphysical</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Restoration period, ______ II was restored to the throne after the fall of Oliver Cromwell.

<p>Charles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Edmund Spenser's notable work, ______ Queene, is famous for its unique stanza form and Elizabethan themes.

<p>The Faerie</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first recorded instance of people dressing up to perform in front of an audience occurred in ______ drama.

<p>Medieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

The work of ______ is considered an ideal example of Puritan literature, focusing on moral and religious themes.

<p>John Milton</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ plays retell biblical stories and were performed by guilds controlled by the church.

<p>Mystery</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a prominent Cavalier poet known for celebrating the pleasures of life.

<p>Robert Herrick</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ was a time when Charles I was executed and his son went into exile.

<p>Interregnum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The significant work, ______, introduced the sonnet to English literature.

<p>F. Petrarch</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the late 16th century, Sir Philip Sidney's ______ is considered a notable sonnet sequence.

<p>Astrophel and Stella</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thomas ______ was known for writing Le Morte de Arthur.

<p>Malory</p> Signup and view all the answers

The figure of ______ I is marked by absolutist politics and conflicts with Parliament.

<p>James</p> Signup and view all the answers

William ______ was recognized as the first printer in England.

<p>Caxton</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ period marked a shift in theater from church to public performances.

<p>Medieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

The War of ______ occurred between the houses of York and Lancaster.

<p>Roses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Geoffrey ______ is often hailed as the father of English literature.

<p>Chaucer</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of the Roses ended in 1485.

<p>War</p> Signup and view all the answers

John ______ initiated the first translation of the whole Bible in England.

<p>Wycliff</p> Signup and view all the answers

The character in 'The Wife of Bath's Tale' seeks to learn what women want most in the world from the ______.

<p>knight</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 16th century, the ______ dynasty ruled England.

<p>Tudor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Renaissance humanism emphasized the importance of the ______ and earthly existence.

<p>human</p> Signup and view all the answers

Geoffrey Chaucer was influenced by French literature in his work 'The Book of the ______'.

<p>Duchess</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Le Morte de Arthur' was printed posthumously by ______.

<p>Caxton</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of the Rood presents a shift from resurrection themes to crucifixion in literature.

<p>Dream</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chattel, derived from Old French, means 'property' and initially referred to ______.

<p>cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 14th-century author William ______ wrote 'The Vision Concerning Piers Plowman'.

<p>Langland</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Tudor period, England experienced relative stability due in part to ______ triumph.

<p>military</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charles II’s Restoration led to the establishment of a constitutional ______

<p>monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

The economy during this period was heavily reliant on ______

<p>trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 1679, Parliament was divided into two wings: the Whigs and the ______

<p>Tories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classicism was influenced by the import of French ______ culture during the Restoration.

<p>classicist</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classicism emphasized a true presentation of ______ and nature.

<p>man</p> Signup and view all the answers

The world was viewed as a ______ mechanism, ruled by precise laws.

<p>clockwork</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anatomy suggests that the physical universe can be understood and controlled by humans; similarly, the human body can be appreciated by ______ and sculptors.

<p>painters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Augustan authors sought to imitate the period of ______ Augustus.

<p>Caesar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alexander Pope is known for his translations of the ______ and Odyssey.

<p>Iliad</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Reformation emphasized a direct link between people and ______, moving away from Rome's influence.

<p>God</p> Signup and view all the answers

Henry VIII established the Church of ______ in 1534.

<p>England</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Enlightenment saw a rise in rationalist philosophy, notably represented by ______ Locke.

<p>John</p> Signup and view all the answers

Francesco Petrarch, known as the father of ______, influenced early Renaissance poetry.

<p>SONNET</p> Signup and view all the answers

Efficient print technology allowed for more books to be produced at a ______ cost.

<p>lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

Edmund Spenser's 'The Faerie Queene' is known for its epic stories set in a ______.

<p>Fairyland</p> Signup and view all the answers

Joseph Addison and Richard Steele co-founded the journal called ______.

<p>The Tatler</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sir Philip Sidney's 'Astrophel and Stella' triggered a ______-year sonnet fever in the 1590s.

<p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

Satire during this period often highlighted moral concerns and aimed at ______ societal vices.

<p>criticizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Denis Diderot is known for his role in creating ______, a comprehensive compilation of knowledge.

<p>encyclopaedias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Francis Bacon is known for promoting the new scientific method based on ______.

<p>experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Samuel Johnson authored A Dictionary of the English ______.

<p>Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

The King James Bible was authorized by King ______ and involved extensive collaboration.

<p>James</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Lyly's work 'Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit' is noted for its complex ______.

<p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

The English Shakespearean sonnet consists of 14 lines with a rhyme scheme of ______.

<p>ABAB CDCD EFEF GG</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the early 17th century, James I promoted an ______ monarchy.

<p>absolute</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Civil War literature was characterized by the emergence of Cavalier poets, associated with aristocratic ______.

<p>circles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metaphysical poetry explores rational inquiries into questions beyond human ______.

<p>reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Donne, a famous metaphysical poet, is known for his ______ and religious poetry.

<p>love</p> Signup and view all the answers

The period of the English Civil War (1642-49) led to the execution of Charles I and the rise of ______.

<p>Republicanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The experience of the ______ is evoked through strong negative emotions.

<p>Sublime</p> Signup and view all the answers

The setting of Gothic novels often includes a ______ landscape.

<p>medieval/oriental</p> Signup and view all the answers

Characters in Gothic literature are often driven by ______ and revenge.

<p>passion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gothic novels often feature a suffering innocent ______ who is kidnapped.

<p>heroine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of ______ and supernatural objects adds to the suspense of Gothic narratives.

<p>ghosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gothic novels typically convey a ______ atmosphere filled with evil deeds.

<p>deadly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Romanticism emphasizes the arousal of negative ______.

<p>emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Gothic novel often acts as a critique of corrupted ______, men, and clerics.

<p>aristocrats</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early Gothic writers like Horace ______ introduced key themes of the genre.

<p>Walpole</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 19th century, notable Gothic writers included Mary ______ and Bram Stoker.

<p>Shelley</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morality plays feature characters that represent abstract qualities like ______ and virtue.

<p>vice</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Gothic novel often includes elements of ______, such as imprisonment and murder.

<p>horror</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aphra Behn's 'Oroonoko' is sometimes considered the earliest English ______.

<p>novel</p> Signup and view all the answers

The play 'Everyman' is about a man who is dying and his qualities leave him except for his good ______.

<p>deed</p> Signup and view all the answers

The narrative style of early novels often involved a mix of ______ genres.

<p>non-fictional</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Elizabethan period is known as the climax of English ______.

<p>theatre</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the 16th century, religious plays were banned leading to the rise of ______ plays.

<p>secular</p> Signup and view all the answers

The character Robinson Crusoe embodies the rational, civilized, and ______ ideals of the 18th century.

<p>optimistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gothic literature often features ______ themes, creating a chilling atmosphere.

<p>mystery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Censorship was introduced to control content and prevent plays from becoming a ______ tool.

<p>political</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first permanent theatres built during this time included The ______, built by James Burbage.

<p>Theatre</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Globe theatre, home to Lord Chamberlain’s Men, was constructed in ______.

<p>1599</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tragedies during this period often depicted revenge and blood, unlike the ______ theatre where violence wasn't shown on stage.

<p>Greek</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thomas Kyd is known for introducing blood and cruelty in his play titled ______.

<p>Spanish Tragedy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gender roles of the time often depicted males as ______ over females.

<p>superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of sexuality, male bodies were seen as active while female bodies were viewed as vessels for ______.

<p>incubation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of colonialism, new lands were often viewed as ______ or primitive.

<p>savage</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of ______ was often linked to kinship, behavior, and status of birth.

<p>race</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Master of Revels was responsible for reading and controlling the ______ of plays.

<p>content</p> Signup and view all the answers

Queen Victoria reigned from ______ to 1901.

<p>1837</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British Empire was known for the phrase '______ never sets' due to its vast territorial reach.

<p>the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Theory of ______ was proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859, challenging traditional religious beliefs.

<p>Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Great Exhibition in 1851 was held in the Crystal Palace, which was made of ______ and steel.

<p>glass</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rise of industry led to the growth of the ______ classes in Victorian Britain.

<p>middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oscar Wilde is associated with the concept of '______ for Art's Sake', emphasizing aesthetic beauty.

<p>Art</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lord Alfred Tennyson was the Poet ______ of Queen Victoria.

<p>Laureate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood sought to revive ______ art, opposing mainstream Victorian ideals.

<p>medieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steam power contributed significantly to the expansion of ______ networks during the Victorian period.

<p>railway</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 1850s, London was described as 'the richest and ______, best-lighted and best drained city in the world'.

<p>largest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Victorian literature often reflected themes of ______, conservatism, and traditional family values.

<p>prudishness</p> Signup and view all the answers

The poem 'Dover Beach' was written by ______ Arnold.

<p>Matthew</p> Signup and view all the answers

G.B. Shaw was a prominent playwright and a member of the ______ Society.

<p>Fabian</p> Signup and view all the answers

Robert Browning is known for his use of ______ monologue in poetry.

<p>dramatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The new social ideal of the noble savage represents uneducated people living in harmony with ______.

<p>nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Gothic novel was a main channel for exploring themes of mystical ______ and spirituality.

<p>emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge collaborated on the first publication of ______ in 1798.

<p>Lyrical Ballads</p> Signup and view all the answers

The character of Marianne Dashwood in Sense and Sensibility represents an emotional and ______ view of the natural world.

<p>sentimental</p> Signup and view all the answers

The poem 'The Giaour' by Lord Byron addresses the clash of worldviews between ______ and Christian.

<p>Muslim</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mary Shelley's 'Frankenstein' deals with themes of crime and ______.

<p>guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

The romantic view of ______ emphasized the restorative ability of nature.

<p>nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Keats is known for his short meditative and contemplative poems called ______.

<p>odes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ann Radcliffe wrote 'The Mysteries of ______,' a hallmark of Gothic literature.

<p>Udolpho</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term ______ refers to a pleasurably terrifying experience often found in romantically Gothic literature.

<p>sublime</p> Signup and view all the answers

William Godwin's philosophical ideas on crime and virtue influenced his daughter Mary ______.

<p>Shelley</p> Signup and view all the answers

The decline of Britain’s power after 1945 was partly due to the weakened economy caused by the ______.

<p>war</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 'Sense and Sensibility,' Elinor Dashwood represents the importance of ______ and reflection.

<p>restraint</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kitchen sink drama focused on realistic features and the life of the ______ class.

<p>middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Romantic Period emphasized mysticism over ______.

<p>logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Royal Court Theatre has been considered a ‘Mecca’ for non-mainstream artists since the ______.

<p>1950s</p> Signup and view all the answers

Samuel Beckett is noted for his work 'Waiting for ______'.

<p>Godot</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Report of 1942 aimed to create the Welfare State in Britain.

<p>Beveridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cultural movement that emerged post-1945 emphasized material comfort and ______.

<p>consumerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Joe Orton was known for his plays like 'Entertaining Mrs ______'.

<p>Sloane</p> Signup and view all the answers

By the end of the 1960s, capital punishment was ______ in Britain.

<p>abandoned</p> Signup and view all the answers

Post-war ethnic literature in Britain often dealt with themes of ______, assimilation, and identity.

<p>diaspora</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Theatre of the Absurd is characterized by its ______ philosophy and nonsensical elements.

<p>pessimistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charles I believed in the divine rights of ______.

<p>kings</p> Signup and view all the answers

The period of ______ lasted from 1649 to 1660 when England was not a kingdom.

<p>Interregnum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oliver Cromwell referred to himself as the 'lord ______'.

<p>protector</p> Signup and view all the answers

After Oliver Cromwell's death, ______ II restored to the throne.

<p>Charles</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Restoration drama is known for its adaptations of ______ plays.

<p>Elizabethan</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 18th century, sentimental comedies often featured ______ protagonists.

<p>middle-class</p> Signup and view all the answers

G.B. Shaw is known for being a prominent ______ playwright.

<p>socialist</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oscar Wilde's ideology emphasized 'Art for ______'s sake'.

<p>Art</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood reacted against ______ and materialism.

<p>progressivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charlotte Bronte's 'Jane Eyre' is a powerful example of a ______ novel.

<p>Bildungsroman</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 'Bleak House', Charles Dickens creates a fog that symbolizes the ______ of society.

<p>obscurity</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 'The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde', the character Hyde represents Jekyll's ______ side.

<p>savage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lizzie from 'Goblin Market' is seen as a ______ figure to save her sister.

<p>Christ-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wilde's play 'The Importance of Being Earnest' is a satire of ______ society.

<p>Victorian</p> Signup and view all the answers

The British Empire was often said to be where ______ never sets.

<p>the sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

The population of Britain increased from 8 million in 1800 to ______ million in 1900.

<p>458</p> Signup and view all the answers

The invention of the steam engine by ______ contributed significantly to the industrial growth.

<p>Stevenson</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Palace was built in 1851 for the Great Exhibition, showcasing Britain's advancements.

<p>Crystal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charles Darwin published 'Origin of Species' in ______.

<p>1859</p> Signup and view all the answers

Victorian literature often featured ______ values, emphasizing family and hard work.

<p>Neo-puritan</p> Signup and view all the answers

The literary contribution of Charles Dickens often focused on the struggles of the ______ class.

<p>working</p> Signup and view all the answers

William Makepeace Thackeray’s novel '______ Fair' is known for having no hero.

<p>Vanity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charlotte Brontë wrote the novel '______ Eyre', a significant work of Victorian literature.

<p>Jane</p> Signup and view all the answers

George Eliot's real name was ______.

<p>Mary Evans</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thomas Hardy's works often presented the conflict between ______ life and urban evil.

<p>rural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Naturalism in literature depicts man as a ______ driven by emotions.

<p>caged animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Victorian poetry often included themes of ______ criticism and social observation.

<p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eliot's 'The Waste Land' serves as a lament for the spiritual death of Western civilization caused by the ______.

<p>war</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virginia Woolf's 'Mrs Dalloway' critiques class inequalities and the different social roles of ______.

<p>men and women</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1926 General ______ was a significant event reflecting the economic problems in Britain after the Great War.

<p>Strike</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aldous Huxley's 'Brave New World' is a notable example of a ______ novel addressing themes of dehumanization.

<p>dystopian</p> Signup and view all the answers

George Orwell, originally known as Eric Blair, wrote 'Animal Farm' as an allegory for ______.

<p>totalitarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

After 1945, Britain faced a decline in ______ power, leading to decolonization and migration.

<p>imperial</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Beveridge Report of 1942 aimed to create a policy of 'Welfare State' to support the socially ______.

<p>unprivileged</p> Signup and view all the answers

The period known as _____ emphasizes experimental writing techniques and modernism.

<p>modernism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Writers like J. Joyce and V. Woolf are associated with _____ literature.

<p>modernist</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 1950s, the emergence of consumerism emphasized material comfort and ______ as key to happiness.

<p>materialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ War is considered a significant event that influenced modernist writers.

<p>Great</p> Signup and view all the answers

The group known as 'The Movement' in the 1950s sought to make poetry accessible to ______ people.

<p>ordinary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ted Hughes and Philip Larkin were prominent poets associated with the ______ of the 1950s.

<p>Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

The new art movement that arose was known as _____, which aimed to convey complex experiences.

<p>Imagism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Post-war drama often included themes of ______, reflecting the societal changes and disillusionment of the era.

<p>absurdity</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the major influences on modernist thought was the theories of _____, who explored the unconscious mind.

<p>Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modernist literature often features _____, which reflects an individual's inner thoughts and experiences.

<p>stream of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

The play 'A Clockwork Orange' by A. Burgess critiques the consequences of ______ in society.

<p>consumerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Writers in the post-war era highlighted the ______ of taboos around topics like homosexuality and contraception.

<p>liberation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virginia Woolf's novel 'Mrs. Dalloway' is an example of modernist _____.

<p>prose</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Angry Young Men' movement in drama often focused on the struggles of the ______ class.

<p>working</p> Signup and view all the answers

T.S. Eliot's poem 'The Waste Land' is labeled as a defining work of modernist _____ in poetry.

<p>experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

W.C. Williams wrote 'The Red Wheelbarrow', which exemplifies the principles of _____.

<p>Imagism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Edwardian and Georgian Era marked a sudden release from _____ conventionality.

<p>Victorian</p> Signup and view all the answers

James Joyce's 'Ulysses' is known for its _____ and departure from traditional narrative structure.

<p>complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The literary movement that sought to capture fleeting moments is referred to as _____ poetry.

<p>imagist</p> Signup and view all the answers

The decline of Western culture in literature often reflects feelings of _____ and despair.

<p>disillusionment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modernism arose partially in response to the changes brought about by the _____ Revolution.

<p>technological</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Old English Literature (600-1066 AD)

The period in English history from 600 to 1066 AD, characterized by the Anglo-Saxon culture, language, literature, and values.

Anglo-Saxons

A group of Germanic tribes, including Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who migrated to Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries.

Anglo-Saxon Constitution

The system of government in Anglo-Saxon England, characterized by small, independent communities and a lack of central authority.

Heptarchy

A period marked by the existence of seven kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England, each ruled by different Germanic tribes.

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Ham

The basic organizational unit in Anglo-Saxon society, consisting of a group of families living in a village.

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Wyrd

A belief in fate or destiny, a central concept in Anglo-Saxon worldview.

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Christianization of Anglo-Saxons

The introduction of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England, beginning with the mission of Saint Augustine of Canterbury in 597 AD.

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Alliteration

A distinctive characteristic of Anglo-Saxon literature, using the repetition of similar sounds at the beginning of words.

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Kenning

A poetic device in Anglo-Saxon literature, using a metaphorical phrase to describe something.

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Beowulf

A famous Anglo-Saxon epic poem, about a hero who fights a monster and a dragon, reflecting the values and beliefs of the time.

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Early Medieval Britain (1066-1300)

A period of French cultural influence in England following the Norman conquest of 1066.

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Metrical Romance

A type of medieval literature characterized by verse narratives featuring chivalrous knights, romance, and adventure.

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Metrical Story

A type of medieval literature that includes shorter, less epic narratives, often featuring everyday characters or events.

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Chronicles in Verse

A type of medieval literature that tells historical accounts in verse, often chronicling events of great importance.

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Metrical Romance Cycles

A series of interconnected stories that depict a shared theme or characters, often focusing on heroic deeds and courtly love.

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Middle English Literature

A period of English cultural revival in the 14th and 15th centuries, marked by a renewed interest in the English language and literature.

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100 Years' War

A prolonged conflict between England and France, lasting from 1338 to 1453, which played a significant role in shaping English identity and language.

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English Language Evolution

The process of English language acquiring new words and grammatical features from French after the Norman Conquest.

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Ricardian Literature

A period of literary flourishing under King Richard II, characterized by a variety of genres and styles.

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The Vision Concerning Piers Plowman

A dream vision poem by William Langland, known for its allegorical and satirical critique of corruption and moral decline in medieval society.

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Juvenalian Satire

A style of satire that uses dark humor, irony, and exaggeration to expose societal flaws.

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Picaresque Novel

A type of novel that follows the adventures of a roguish character, often from the lower classes, as they navigate through life.

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Sentimental Novel

A genre of novel that explores strong emotions and moral dilemmas, often focusing on the development of characters' inner lives.

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Epistolary Novel

A novel that uses letters as its primary form of narration, allowing for a more intimate and personal perspective on the story.

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Romanticism

A literary genre that emerged in the late 18th century, characterized by an emphasis on emotions, individualism, and the power of nature.

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The Enlightenment

A literary movement that emphasized reason, logic, and scientific observation, leading to a more realistic approach to writing.

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18th Century English Literature

The period in English literature characterized by a shift from the predominantly religious and moralistic themes of the previous era to a focus on realism, satire, and social commentary.

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Satirical Novel

The type of literature that uses a mock-serious tone to expose and criticize societal vices and follies.

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A Dictionary of the English Language

The first comprehensive dictionary of the English language, compiled by Samuel Johnson.

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Realistic Novel

A type of novel that combines elements of fiction and reality, using diary entries, letters, and other real-life documents to enhance the realism and authenticity of the narrative.

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Northumbria's Golden Age

A period in history during which Anglo-Saxon culture flourished, marked by the establishment of monasteries and the creation of beautiful manuscripts.

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The Ruthwell Cross

A massive stone cross that bears a runic inscription of a Christian poem, The Dream of the Rood.

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Caedmon

An early Anglo-Saxon poet, renowned for his hymn, Caedmon's Hymn, and his paraphrases of Old Testament stories.

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Bede Venerabilis

A prominent scholar and historian of the 8th century, author of Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, a chronicle detailing the history of the English Church.

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Danelaw

The period after Viking raids in the 8th century, when the Danes controlled parts of England, also known as the Danelaw.

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King Alfred the Great

King of Wessex in the 9th century, known for his military prowess, cultural contributions, and defense against Viking invasions.

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Alfred's Defensive System

A chain of fortresses built by Alfred the Great along the border with the Danes to provide protection.

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Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

A compilation of historical records, initiated in 890 under King Alfred, that documents English history from the early Christian era to the Norman Conquest.

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Unification of England

The process by which Wessex gradually absorbed the Danelaw, resulting in the unification of England under one ruler.

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Norman Conquest

The Norman Conquest, a pivotal event in English history, that took place in 1066 with the Battle of Hastings.

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Normans

The ruling social class after the Norman Conquest, known for their French culture, language, and influence on English society.

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Feudal System

A rigid social structure established after the Norman Conquest, where the king held supreme power and controlled the land.

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Domesday Book

The first detailed economic record of England, commissioned by William the Conqueror, documenting the land ownership and resources of the country.

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Trilingual System

The coexistence of three languages in England after the Norman Conquest: Anglo-Norman (French), English, and Latin.

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Metrical Poetry

A form of poetry that uses rhyme and metrical structure, replacing alliteration, which was common in Anglo-Saxon literature.

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Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur: Symbol of Medieval End

Le Morte d'Arthur was published posthumously in 1485, marking the end of the medieval era and a nostalgic revival of Arthurian legends.

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William Caxton: Printing and Standardization

William Caxton's introduction of printing in England standardized the language, shaping national identity.

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Hundred Years' War: English Gaining Ground

The Hundred Years' War (1338-1453) shifted power dynamics in England, gradually increasing the prominence of English language.

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Edward III and English in Parliament

The 14th century saw a rise in English usage, particularly when Edward III addressed Parliament in 1362.

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John Wycliffe and the Lollards: Bible Translation

The Lollards, a group of 'poor priests' led by John Wycliffe, were instrumental in initiating the first full English Bible translation.

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Chaucer's French Influence: "The Book of the Duchess"

Chaucer's "The Book of the Duchess" reflects French literary influence.

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Chaucer's Italian Influence: "Troilus and Criseyde"

Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde" showcases Italian literary influence.

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Chaucer's English Influence: "Canterbury Tales"

Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" represents a significant contribution to English literature.

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Chattel as Early Currency

Chattel, originally meaning 'property,' referred to cattle, an early form of currency.

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Shift to Gold Currency

The transition from cattle to gold as currency marked a shift toward a more portable and widespread form of wealth.

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Gifts as Signs of Honor and Wealth

Gifts of war gear and jewelry in Beowulf were seen as both payment and a testament to honor and wealth.

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Clergy and Anti-Feminist Views

While the Wife of Bath's Tale challenges misogynistic views, the medieval period often saw clergy promoting anti-feminist sentiments.

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The Wife of Bath: Women's Desire for Control

The Wife of Bath argues that women desire control and mastery in relationships, highlighting the complexities of medieval societal expectations.

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Christine de Pisan: Opposing Misogyny

Christine de Pisan, a French writer, challenged misogynistic literature through her own writings.

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Harlotrie: Immoral Literature

Harlotrie encompasses literature that violates moral standards, as seen in fabliaux like "The Millers Tale."

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Morality Plays

Plays that used allegorical characters representing abstract qualities like virtues and vices to teach moral lessons.

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Farce

Secular plays that used humor to criticize human flaws.

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Elizabethan Period

A period in English theater marked by the rise of professional companies, new genres, and prominent playwrights like Shakespeare.

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Rise of Secular Plays

The banning of religious plays due to the Reformation led to the growth of non-religious dramas.

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Censorship in Elizabethan Theatre

Measures taken to control the content of plays, primarily to ensure they did not offend royalty or promote religious dissent.

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Actor Companies

Companies of actors who performed plays, often with royal patronage, which ensured financial stability and content approval.

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Master of Revels

The official responsible for reviewing play scripts and ensuring they were appropriate for performance.

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Royal/Aristocratic Patronage

The practice of wealthy individuals or groups sponsoring theater companies, providing financial support and ensuring approval from the authorities.

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Tragedy

A form of drama focused on the downfall of a protagonist due to their flaws or fate.

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Tragedy of Revenge/Blood

A subgenre of tragedy that emphasizes revenge and violent acts.

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Sovereignty

The concept of determining the legitimate basis of royal authority.

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Gender Roles and Relations

The prevailing view of men being superior and women's roles being debated by male authors.

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Female Body as Inverted Male

The idea that the female body is an inverted or lesser version of the male body.

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Portuguese Explorations and Slavery

The exploration of Africa and the enslavement of Africans, driven by the desire for exotic goods and wealth.

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The Concept of Race in the Renaissance

The use of the term 'race' to encompass kinship, status, behavior, and physical appearance.

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Metaphysical Poetry

A period in English literature characterized by a focus on rational inquiry into complex philosophical and religious questions, often exploring themes of death, love, and the human condition.

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Mystery Plays

A type of drama prevalent in the Middle Ages that focused on retelling mysterious and magical stories from the Bible, often involving fantastical events.

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Restoration Literature

A period in English literature marked by the restoration of the monarchy after the English Civil War, characterized by a return to classicism, wit, and a focus on social satire and comedy.

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Pilgrim's Progress

An allegorical prose work by John Bunyan, detailing a Christian's journey from a life of sin to the City of Light, representing the journey of salvation.

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Sonnet

A type of poetry characterized by its lyrical quality, 14 lines, and 5 iambic feet, divided into an octave (8 lines) and a sestet (6 lines), with a specific rhyme scheme.

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English Renaissance

A period in English literature influenced by the rediscovery of classical art and culture, characterized by humanism, the Reformation, and a focus on individual expression.

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Francesco Petrarch

An Italian poet known for his sonnets, which introduced the form to English poetry, influencing poets like Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard.

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Edmund Spenser

A writer known for his contributions to Elizabethan poetry, including his epic poem 'The Faerie Queene,' which introduced the Spenserian stanza.

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Cavalier Poets

The last generation of Renaissance writers characterized by their idealization of Renaissance culture and celebration of beauty and pleasure.

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Miracle Plays

A type of drama prevalent in the Middle Ages that focused on the lives of saints, often dramatizing miraculous events and stories.

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Metaphysical Poets

A group of poets who challenged Renaissance conventions, emphasizing intellectual and philosophical depth in their works, often using complex imagery and metaphors.

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Restoration Era

A period in English literature and history following the Restoration, characterized by a focus on royalism, classicism, and a return to order.

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John Bunyan

A writer known for his prose work 'Pilgrim's Progress,' which is considered a foundational work in the development of the novel.

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John Milton

Influential English poet known for his epic poem 'Paradise Lost,' which established a national heroic epic for England.

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Interregnum

A significant shift in English history marked by the replacement of an absolutist monarchy with a democratic parliamentary system.

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Humanism

A cultural and philosophical movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and human potential over religious dogma.

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Reformation

A religious movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and emphasized individual interpretation of the Bible.

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Sir Philip Sidney

An English poet known for his collection of 100 sonnets, "Astrophel and Stella", which helped popularize the sonnet form in England.

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Mannerism

A literary movement that challenged Renaissance ideals and embraced more realistic and pessimistic views of humanity and existence.

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Mannerist Artist

An artist who uses a specific style characterized by unrealistic proportions, dramatic contrasts, and a focus on emotion and drama.

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John Lyly

A poet who used complex and ornate language to convey his ideas, particularly in his work "Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit."

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Metaphysical Love Poetry

A literary style that emphasized the emotional and intellectual aspects of love, often exploring the interplay of physical desire and spiritual longing.

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George Herbert

An English poet known for his philosophical and religious poems, which often explore the relationship between humanity and God and the mysteries of faith.

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The Restoration

A literary and cultural period following the English Civil War, characterized by a shift toward a more practical and realistic attitude.

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Richard Crashaw

An English poet known for his vivid imagery, emotional intensity, and exploration of religious themes, particularly those related to death and salvation.

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Henry Vaughan

An English poet known for his deeply personal and spiritual poetry, which often explores themes of nature, solitude, and the relationship between humanity and God.

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Courtly Poets

A group of poets who wrote in a more formal style, often using elaborate metaphors and conceits, and typically addressing themes of love, beauty, and morality.

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What is the significance of Oroonoko by Aphra Behn?

Aphra Behn's novel, Oroonoko, is a story of a royal slave, Oronooko, who is forced into slavery. It is a critique of the English monarchy and the English plantation system.

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What is the key theme in Robinson Crusoe?

Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe is a novel about a man who is shipwrecked on a deserted island and survives through ingenuity and resourcefulness. This novel draws heavily on John Locke's philosophy of natural rights and the idea of starting anew.

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How does Gulliver's Travels criticize society?

Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels uses satire to critique human nature and society through Gulliver's voyages to fantastical lands.

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What is the central idea in Pope's Essay on Man?

Alexander Pope's Essay on Man explores the nature of humanity and its place in the universe. It emphasizes a balance in the universe, with every evil counterbalanced by a corresponding good.

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What are the key themes of Clarissa?

Samuel Richardson's novel Clarissa tells the tragic story of a young woman, Clarissa Harlowe, who is forced into an arranged marriage and ultimately dies after being raped. This novel explores themes of female agency and autonomy in a society that restricted women's rights. It is written through letters, allowing for a rich and complex character development.

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What characterized the English Restoration period?

The period between 1660 and 1789 in England saw a rise in literary production that reflected the intellectual and social changes of the times. This era saw the emergence of new genres, themes, and literary styles.

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What is a Bildungsroman?

The term 'Bildungsroman' refers to a novel that explores the protagonist's journey of growth and development. Works like Robinson Crusoe and Clarissa are considered Bildungsromane as they depict the characters' maturing through their life experiences.

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Gothic Novel

A literary genre characterized by dark and mysterious settings, supernatural elements, and psychological suspense.

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The Sublime

A feeling of awe and terror inspired by powerful natural forces or vast and mysterious landscapes.

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English Novel

An early literary genre that focused on realistic narratives and ordinary characters who learn and adapt.

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Aphra Behn

An English author and playwright, known for her novel Oroonoko, often considered the earliest English novel.

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Noble Savage

A character who embodies the ideal of living in harmony with nature.

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Macabre and Gloomy Setting

A literary feature of the Gothic novel, where dark and dangerous settings are described with exaggerated details to evoke fear and suspense.

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Passion-Driven Character

A character in the Gothic novel who is often driven by dark passions, such as lust, revenge, or cruelty.

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Irrational and Perverse Impulses

A major theme in the Gothic novel, highlighting the power of the unspoken, unexpressed, and taboo aspects of human experience.

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Female Gothic

A type of Gothic novel that explores the experiences of women and challenges patriarchal structures.

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Innocent Heroine

A character in the Gothic novel who is often the object of the villain's desire or cruelty and represents innocence.

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Wordsworth's concept of poetry

Wordsworth's belief that poetry is born from genuine emotions and that it should be simple enough for everyone to understand.

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Individualism in Romanticism

Romanticism emphasizes individual freedom and the potential of every human being, even those without formal education.

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The Lake Poets

A group of poets who lived and wrote in the Lake District, notably Wordsworth and Coleridge.

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Coleridge's poetry style

Coleridge's poetry incorporated elements of the supernatural, mystery, and fantasy.

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Byron's Life and Poetry

Byron was an aristocrat who chose to live a life of travel and exploration, reflecting in his poetry.

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Shelley and his Poetry

Shelley's poetry often explored themes of rebellion, social justice, and atheism.

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Keats and his Odes

Keats' poetry emphasized deep reflection and the relationship between life and art, often expressed through short, contemplative poems called 'odes'.

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Romanticism vs. Enlightenment

Romanticism challenged the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and rationality, highlighting individual expression, emotion, and the power of nature.

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Moral Sense Theory

A theory that emphasizes the innate goodness of humans because they are created by a benevolent God. This goodness can be cultivated through experiences and emotions, which shape our moral sense.

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Nature Poetry

A literary style that emphasizes the beauty and wonder of nature, often depicting it as a source of spiritual and moral inspiration.

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Graveyard Poets

A group of poets who explored themes of death, mortality, and the passage of time with a melancholic tone.

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Regional Folklore

A collection of traditional stories, songs, and poems from a specific region, often reflecting the beliefs, customs, and culture of that area.

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Tabula Rasa

The belief that humans are born as blank slates (tabula rasa) and shaped by their experiences, education, and environment.

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Enlightenment

A philosophical view that emphasizes the importance of reason, logic, and scientific inquiry, often rejecting traditional beliefs and authority.

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Era of Revolutions

A historical period marked by significant political and social upheaval, including the American and French revolutions, which challenged traditional power structures and advocated for individual rights.

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Sentimentalism

A literary style that emphasizes emotional expression, often featuring exaggerated feelings and dramatic events.

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Restoration

The period of Charles II's rule in England following the English Civil War, marked by the restoration of the monarchy and a shift towards a constitutional monarchy, where the power of the monarch was limited by Parliament.

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Trade-Based Economy

An economic system heavily reliant on trade, leading to the rise of the middle class (bourgeoisie) who gained wealth through commerce, making them more influential than the traditional landed aristocracy.

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Whigs

A political party in England during the Restoration era, generally associated with the middle working class, advocating for greater power for Parliament and supporting the Protestant cause.

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Tories

A political party in England during the Restoration era, generally associated with the aristocracy and the monarchy, advocating for traditional values and supporting the Church of England.

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Classicism

A movement that began in the Restoration era, characterized by a renewed appreciation for the art, culture, and ideals of ancient Greece and Rome. It emphasized reason, order, and balance in literature and the arts.

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Satire

A literary technique that involves the use of wit, irony, and humor to criticize human flaws and social ills. It can be light-hearted or serious, with the aim of entertaining and educating.

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Novel

A form of literature that focuses on telling a story, exploring characters and their relationships. It gained popularity during the Enlightenment due to the rise of a reading public.

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Periodical

A journalistic publication, printed regularly (daily, weekly, or monthly), featuring news, essays, and other written content. It played a significant role in disseminating information and shaping public opinion during the Enlightenment.

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Character Sketch

The act of writing a detailed account of a person's character, often including a blend of factual information and literary style, frequently used in The Tatler and The Spectator.

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Horatian Satire

A literary style that uses irony and humor to criticize society but aims to entertain and educate, often employing gentle wit and lighthearted observations.

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Encyclopaedia

A comprehensive reference book that systematically combines knowledge from various disciplines. Enlightenment thinkers like Denis Diderot contributed to the creation of encyclopedias.

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Victorian Era

The period from 1837-1901, marked by Queen Victoria's reign and significant growth in British power, industry, and influence.

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British Imperialism

The expansion of British territory, reaching its zenith during the Victorian era, characterized by control over landmasses across the globe.

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Civilizing Mission

The belief that European nations had a duty to civilize and educate 'less fortunate' populations, often used to justify colonialism.

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Scientific Expansion

The rapid advancements in science and technology during the Victorian era, fueled by innovations like the steam engine and steel production.

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Urban Expansion

The rapid growth of cities and towns due to industrialization, leading to changes in social structure and lifestyles.

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Oxford Movement

A movement that sought to revive Christian faith in response to the perceived decline in morals and social problems during industrialization.

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Theory of Evolution

Charles Darwin's theory that humans evolved through natural selection, challenging traditional religious views on creation.

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Middle Class

The new wealthy class that emerged during the industrial revolution, often aspiring to the lifestyle and values of the upper classes.

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Victorian Morality

Emphasis on strict social norms, traditional family values, and a focus on hard work and decorum, often reflected in Victorian literature.

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Victorian Realism

Realism in literature, focusing on depicting everyday life and social realities, often with a critical or satirical lens.

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Pathos

A literary device that evokes pity and sympathy for characters, often used by Charles Dickens to highlight social injustices.

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Naturalism

A literary movement that focused on depicting human behavior as driven by emotion and circumstance, often without free will.

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Victorian Poetry

Post-Romantic poetry that often explored themes of nature, spirituality, and philosophical reflection.

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Fantasy Literature

A genre of fiction that uses fantastical elements, imaginative worlds, and escapist themes.

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Sensibility

A literary technique expressing strong emotions and heightened sensitivity, often associated with a love of nature and its emotional power.

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Disjointed Fragments

A literary device using a disjointed narrative structure, revealing a story through fragmented perspectives.

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Critical Realism

A literary style emphasizing realism and detailed descriptions of everyday life, often exploring the social and economic realities of the time.

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Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey

William Wordsworth's famous poem meditating on nature's restorative power and his evolving relationship with the natural world.

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Sense and Sensibility

Jane Austen's novel exploring contrasting personalities and societal expectations, highlighting the dangers of excessive emotionalism.

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The Giaour

Lord Byron's poem exploring conflicts between East and West, showcasing the clash of cultures and religious beliefs.

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Frankenstein

Mary Shelley's groundbreaking novel about a scientist creating a creature, exploring morality, ambition, and the consequences of playing God.

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Victorian Period

A literary period characterized by industrialization, social reform, and empire building, with a focus on realism, social commentary, and moral dilemmas.

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Traditional Victorian Drama's Limitation

Traditional Victorian drama, characterized by middle-class settings and comedy of manners, was not significantly affected by modernist experiments. They often lacked realistic portrayals of the lives of the lower social classes.

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Post-War Britain's Decline

The decline of Britain's imperial power after World War II led to economic hardship, loss of control over colonies, and decolonization efforts.

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Post-War Democratization

The process of democratization, driven by the Cold War and the election of the Labour Party, aimed to create a more inclusive and egalitarian society, providing social welfare for the working class.

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Kitchen Sink Drama

The "Kitchen Sink" drama of the 1950s-1960s emerged as a reaction to the traditional focus on the upper class, depicting the realities of working-class life, and highlighting the everyday struggles and injustices of poverty.

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Theatre of the Absurd

The Theatre of the Absurd, a significant post-war dramatic movement, challenged traditional dramatic conventions by employing illogical and nonsensical elements, reflecting a sense of existential despair and the meaninglessness of existence.

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Royal Court Theatre

The Royal Court Theatre, established in 1950s London, became a center for showcasing non-mainstream and challenging playwrights, often exploring social issues and experimenting with dramatic forms.

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Angry Young Men

The 'Angry Young Men' were a group of British writers, including Kingsley Amis, Alan Sillitoe, and John Osborne, who challenged social hierarchies and expressed anger towards the establishment, rejecting the privileges of the upper class.

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Post-1965 Drama

The second wave of post-war British drama, emerging after 1965, intensified the themes of protest and social criticism, reflecting a growing awareness of social injustice and inequality.

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Rise of Consumerism

The rise of consumerism in the 1950s, fueled by economic growth and the availability of loans and mortgages, led to a culture of material comfort and the pursuit of happiness through the acquisition of goods.

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Orientalism

The term 'Orientalism' refers to a biased and often romanticized perspective of the Middle East, South, and East Asian cultures, often portraying them as exotic and different, a stereotype influenced by colonial encounters.

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Modernism

A literary movement of the early 20th century that reacted against the conventions of 19th-century realism, emphasizing experimentation, subjectivity, and a fragmented vision of modern life.

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Imagism

A style of poetry that emerged in the early 20th century, emphasizing directness, clarity, and the recreation of specific moments of experience.

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Stream of consciousness

A literary technique that aims to capture the flow of thoughts, feelings, and sensations as they occur in the human mind.

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Experimentation with time

A literary device that uses fragmented, non-linear, and often subjective representations of time to reflect the complexities of modern experience.

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Collage

A literary technique that uses a collage-like structure, combining different elements, voices, and perspectives to create a more fragmented and complex narrative.

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James Joyce

An influential Irish writer who explored the complexities of modern life through a fragmented style, stream of consciousness, and experimental use of language.

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Virginia Woolf

An English writer who pioneered the use of stream of consciousness and interior monologue in her novels, focusing on the subjective experiences of her characters.

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D.H. Lawrence

An English writer who explored themes of sexuality, social class, and inner conflict in his novels, often using a more realistic style than his modernist counterparts.

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Ezra Pound

An American poet who experimented with language, imagery, and form, seeking to express the essence of modern experience in his work.

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William Carlos Williams

An American poet who was a pioneer of modern American poetry, advocating for directness, clarity, and an emphasis on everyday experience.

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Albert Einstein

A German-born physicist who revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and gravity with his theory of relativity.

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Sigmund Freud

An Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst who developed the theory of the unconscious, arguing that our conscious behavior is influenced by hidden desires and repressed memories.

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William James

An American psychologist who developed the theory of stream of consciousness, describing the mind as a dynamic flow of interconnected ideas and sensations.

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Edwardian Era

The period from 1901 to 1910 in British history, marked by the reign of King Edward VII and a sense of social and cultural change.

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Georgian Era

The period from 1910 to 1936 in British history, marked by the reign of King George V and a tumultuous period of war and political change.

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Absolute Monarchy

A political system where the monarch holds absolute power, believing in divine right (God gave them their position). Charles I of England was a strong believer in this system.

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The Interregnum

The period in English history between 1649 and 1660, when England was not a kingdom but a commonwealth and later a protectorate. This followed the execution of Charles I during the English Civil War.

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Heroic Drama

A form of drama popular during the Restoration period (1660s) in England, known for its exaggeration and heroic characters, often featuring elaborate plots and grand themes.

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Restoration Comedy

A type of comedy popular during the Restoration period (1660s) in England, focusing on the social manners and moral dilemmas of the upper and middle classes, often satirical and witty.

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Bildungsroman

A novel that focuses on the education, development, and growth of a protagonist, often from childhood to adulthood. Jane Eyre is a famous example of this genre.

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Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

A group of seven British artists, sculptors, and poets who emerged in the mid-nineteenth century and who sought to revive medieval artistic values in their work.

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Aestheticism

A literary and artistic movement that emerged in the late 19th century, placing emphasis on beauty, aestheticism, and hedonism, championed by Oscar Wilde.

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The Importance of Being Earnest

A play by Oscar Wilde that satirizes the hypocrisy and social conventions of Victorian society through witty dialogue and farcical situations.

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Art for Art’s Sake

A term used by Oscar Wilde to describe his belief that art should exist for its own sake, free from any moral or social purpose.

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Dystopian Novel

A genre of fiction that depicts a futuristic society characterized by oppressive societal structures, environmental degradation, and a loss of individual freedom, serving as a warning about the potential consequences of unchecked progress.

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Interwar Period

A period of economic hardship and social unrest in Britain following World War I, marked by high unemployment, widespread poverty, and the rise of political extremism.

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The Movement

A literary movement that emerged in the 1950s, characterized by a rejection of the intellectualism of Modernism and a focus on writing accessible to a wider audience, often exploring themes of everyday life, social alienation, and personal struggles.

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Absurd Drama

A type of drama that emerged in the mid-20th century, characterized by its rejection of traditional theatrical conventions, often absurdist, existentialist, and challenging to understand, blurring the lines between reality and illusion.

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Welfare State

A post-World War II social policy in Britain that aimed to provide state support for individuals and families facing social and economic hardship, including unemployment, sickness, and lack of education.

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Totalitarianism

A political system where the government exerts strong control over all aspects of society, including the economy, media, and personal lives, often characterized by propaganda, censorship, and suppression of dissent.

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Cold War

A post-World War II political climate that emerged between the United States and the Soviet Union, characterized by a tense standoff and rivalry between capitalist and communist ideologies.

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Beveridge Report

A series of socialist policies implemented in Britain after World War II, aimed at improving living standards, providing social security, and promoting social welfare, including the National Health Service and universal education.

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Consumerist Society

A period of economic growth and mass consumption in Britain, starting in the 1950s, characterized by increased availability of consumer goods, such as televisions, cars, and household appliances.

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Drawing-room Drama

A dramatic genre that emerged in the early 20th century, characterized by its realism, emphasis on social commentary, and portrayal of upper-class characters and their witty conversations, often set in lavish drawing rooms.

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British Empire

The largest empire in world history during the Victorian era, spanning a third of the world's landmass, known for its vast territories and influence.

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Scientific Positivism

The belief in the inherent power of science to improve the human condition and drive progress, prevalent during the Victorian era.

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Neo-Gothic Revival

A literary movement in the Victorian era that celebrated the past, often through romanticism and a nostalgic yearning for a bygone era.

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Dramatic Monologue

The use of dramatic monologues in poetry, where the speaker reveals their thoughts and feelings through a single, extended speech.

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Melodrama

A type of drama common during the Victorian era that often featured melodramatic plots, exaggerated characters, and heightened emotionalism.

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Art for Art's Sake

The term used to describe the Victorian era's emphasis on art for its own sake, without any need for social or moral justifications.

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Fabian Society

A social club that promoted social reform through gradual, evolutionary change, influencing many Victorian writers and thinkers.

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Comedy of Manners

A form of comedy that satirizes the manners and customs of a particular social class, often featuring witty dialogue and sharp social commentary.

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Study Notes

Old English Literature (600-1066 AD)

  • Anglo-Saxon culture, values, and writing were dominated by heroic epics, lyrical and religious texts, alliteration, and kennings.
  • Germanic tribes migrated to Britain after the Roman withdrawal, leading to the first English literary culture.
  • Society consisted of small, independent communities (heptarchy of 7 kingdoms).
  • Key values included loyalty, revenge, fatalism (belief in fate), and materialism.
  • Paganism was the dominant religion, with a belief in fate (Wyrd).
  • Christianity arrived in 597 AD, quickly converting the Anglo-Saxons.
  • Literature was initially oral, transmitted by bards and scopes.
  • Written literature emerged after Christianization, primarily in monasteries.
  • Important manuscripts include Junius, Vitellius, Vercelli, and Exeter.
  • Secular poetry included charms, proverbs, riddles, heroic epics (Beowulf), battle poetry, and elegies.
  • Northumbria and Mercia, and later Wessex were significant cultural centers.
  • Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum was a crucial historical record.
  • King Alfred of Wessex played a key role in uniting England and preserving Anglo-Saxon culture. He translated Latin works and initiated the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

Anglo-Norman Literature (1066-1300)

  • The Norman Conquest (1066) brought French culture and language to England.
  • A rigid feudal system emerged, with the king as the supreme landowner.
  • French became the official language of the elite, leading to a trilingual system (French, English, Latin).
  • Anglo-Norman literature reflected this cultural shift and incorporated continental styles, forms, and genres replacing alliteration with rhyme.
  • The Domesday Book (1086) was the first comprehensive economic record of England.
  • Metrical romances became popular, influenced by chansons de geste and Ovid's work. Themes often revolved around chivalry, adventure, and beauty.
  • Debates, chronicling in verse (Historia Brutonum), and shorter metrical stories were also part of the literary landscape.

Middle English Literature (1350-1400)

  • The Hundred Years' War with France led to a revival of English.
  • A new vocabulary was blended from French and Anglo-Saxon origins as English steadily grew in usage.
  • Social structure shifted with the rise of cities and the middle class.
  • The Church's influence began to decline as universities and urban centers gained prominence.
  • John Wycliffe championed religious reform, translating the Bible into English.
  • Important poetry included The Vision of Piers Plowman, The Owl and the Nightingale, and works by Geoffrey Chaucer.
  • Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is a significant example of Middle English literature, showcasing diverse social classes and moral reflections.

16th & 17th Century Poetry and Prose

  • The Tudor dynasty (1485-1603) witnessed relative stability, trade, exploration, and artistic flourishing.
  • The Renaissance brought a shift in focus toward human potential and earthly existence, drawing inspiration from classical Greece and Rome.
  • The sonnet, introduced by Petrarch and popularized in England, became a significant form.
  • Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene and Sir Philip Sidney's Astrophel and Stella were key Renaissance works.
  • Thomas More's Utopia explored perfect community ideas.
  • The Reformation and humanism impacted literary endeavors leading to an English translation of the Bible.
  • The Metaphysical poets (like John Donne) emerged in the 17th century, pushing the boundaries of Renaissance poetic forms.
  • The Civil War and the Restoration marked a period of political upheaval, influencing the evolution of literary styles and themes.

Origins of Drama

  • Medieval drama emerged from liturgical practices and evolved from static tableaux to dynamic tropes and liturgical plays.
  • Mystery plays, often performed by guilds, retold biblical stories.
  • Miraculous plays centered on the lives of saints, while morality plays explored abstract qualities like virtues and vices.
  • Farce provided secular, humorous entertainment.
  • These evolving forms paved the path to Elizabethan drama.

Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama

  • During the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, professional theatre companies arose, including the Lord Admiral's Men and the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later the Globe).
  • Performances of tragedies of revenge and works celebrating extreme characters became popular.
  • Playwrights and theatres sought royal patronage and censorship.
  • Important playwrights included Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare.

Classicism and Enlightenment

  • The Restoration period (1660-1680s) in England saw a shift to a constitutional monarchy.
  • Classicism emphasized reason, order, and symmetry in art and literature, drawing inspiration from classical Greece and Rome.
  • Notable Classicist writers included Alexander Pope, who wrote critical essays.
  • The Enlightenment furthered these trends, promoting the power of human reason and scientific inquiry.
  • Key figures of the period include John Locke, with his concept of the tabula rasa, and Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, who started periodicals like The Tatler and The Spectator.
  • Satire, particularly from writers like Jonathan Swift, became a common tool to critique society and its moral failings.

Rise of the English Novel

  • The novel emerged in the early 18th century, blending elements of earlier genres like romance, diaries, and memoirs.
  • Key figures in the development of the novel include Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson (sentimental novels like Pamela), and Henry Fielding (picaresque novels like Tom Jones).
  • The novel reflected the rise of the middle class and the increasing importance of realistic representations of daily life.

Pre-Romanticism

  • Pre-Romanticism, emerging in the later 18th century, marked a reaction against the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason.
  • Writers like William Blake and Robert Burns focused on individual emotion, the sublime aspects of nature, and the value of common people and their experiences.

Romanticism

  • Romanticism, a significant reaction against Enlightenment ideas and ideals, emphasized emotion, individuality, and the power of the natural world.
  • Key figures in this movement include William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats, whose works explored personal experience and the relationship between man and nature.

Victorian Prose

  • The Victorian era (1837-1901) saw tremendous social and industrial change, along with the expansion of the British Empire.
  • Key Victorian novelists like Charles Dickens (social commentary), George Eliot (psychological depth), and the Bronte sisters (emotional intensity) explored the complexities of Victorian society.
  • Naturalism and critical realism became increasingly important literary approaches.

Victorian Poetry

  • Victorian poetry reflected the social and cultural shifts of the era, engaging with themes of individualism, nature, and social criticism.
  • Poets like Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and the Brontë's Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning are well-known.
  • The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood sought inspiration in medieval art and emphasized vivid imagery.
  • Modernist sensibilities began to emerge during the later Victorian era.

Drama from Restoration to 1900

  • Restoration drama included a mixture of heroic drama, comedy of manners, and sentimental comedy.
  • Playwrights like William Congreve and Richard Brinsley Sheridan contributed to the development of these forms.
  • Victorian plays often employed elements of melodrama.
  • Modernist playwrights, like George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde, brought new critical perspectives to dramatic writing.

20th Century – Ethnic Literature

  • The post-war period and decolonization led to the emergence of ethnic literature, reflecting the experiences of immigrant communities and challenging traditional literary perspectives.
  • Authors like Salman Rushdie and Kazuo Ishiguro played important roles in this development.

20th Century – Literature at the Turn of the Century

  • The Edwardian and Georgian eras saw a release from Victorian rigidity and the introduction of modernist perspectives informed by scientific developments (Einstein, Freud, James).
  • The First World War had a profound impact on literature, creating a sense of disillusionment, fragmentation, and distrust of previous optimism.
  • Modernist experimentation in poetry and prose—including imagism, stream of consciousness, and focus on psychological realism—featured prominently.

20th Century - From the Interwar Period until the 1950s

  • The interwar period was marked by economic instability and the rise of totalitarian ideologies, leading to World War II.
  • Dystopian novels, reflecting the anxieties of the time, gained popularity, with notable examples by Aldous Huxley and George Orwell.
  • The post-war era saw Britain's decline in global power and the introduction of the Welfare State.
  • The rise of consumerism created a new literary landscape with poets and writers exploring themes of social change and the evolving nature of the modern world.

20th Century - Drama from Post-War to the Present

  • Post-war British drama saw a shift away from traditional drawing-room drama towards more radical forms.
  • Absurd drama emerged, reflected in works by Samuel Beckett, while the kitchen-sink dramatists explored contemporary social issues.
  • Playwrights associated with the Angry Young Men movement addressed social inequalities.

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