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What characterizes a mental disorder according to the DSM-5 definition?

  • An observable behavioral change due to environmental factors
  • A temporary emotional reaction to a stressful event
  • A syndrome that reflects a dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes (correct)
  • A personal choice that affects one's mood

    • What is the meaning of 'syndrome' in the context of mental disorders?

  • A single observable sign of mental disturbance
  • A treatment-based classification of mental health issues
  • A grouping of signs and symptoms that frequently co-occur (correct)
  • An unrelated collection of symptoms

    • Which aspect is not associated with mental disorders according to the DSM-5 definition?

  • Impairment in occupational activities
  • Distress in social activities
  • Disability in important life activities
  • Significant improvement in personal relationships (correct)

    • According to the DSM-5, which of the following does not contribute to the understanding of mental disorders?

    <p>Volitional behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways might mental disorders be reflected according to DSM-5?

    <p>In an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge in defining abnormality and mental disorders?

    <p>There are multiple subjective interpretations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following focuses on the classification, causation, and treatment of mental disorders?

    <p>Theoretical approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a significant aspect of psychiatric classification over time?

    <p>Evolving definitions and categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the definitions of abnormal behavior and mental disorder primarily aim to address?

    <p>Complexities and variations in mental health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the current understanding of mental disorders?

    <p>Understanding of mental disorders is evolving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the need for theoretical perspectives in abnormal psychology?

    <p>Different theories can offer varied explanations for the same symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between abnormality and societal norms?

    <p>Abnormality can be understood in the context of societal expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a trend in the classification of mental disorders?

    <p>Emergence of more nuanced categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are essential features when providing extensive descriptions in mental health diagnoses?

    <p>Diagnostic criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common criticism of the DSM?

    <p>It overly complicates the classification of disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which issues are associated with the diagnostic categories in the DSM?

    <p>Concerns about reliability and validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the increasing number of diagnostic categories in the DSM indicate?

    <p>Potentially improved accuracy in diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was not mentioned as a specific criticism of the DSM-5?

    <p>Excessive focus on biochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gleaves (2000) imply about the DSM?

    <p>It is generally acceptable despite its flaws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are associated features in the context of extensive descriptions?

    <p>Lab findings and other relevant info</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect could indicate a diagnosis is in need of further study within the DSM?

    <p>Proliferation of overlapping symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a panic attack?

    <p>It reaches a peak within minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a symptom of a panic attack?

    <p>Persistent sadness lasting over a month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder following the panic attack?

    <p>At least one month of concern about further attacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with the feeling of unreality during a panic attack?

    <p>Derealization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the physiological effects in panic attacks?

    <p>Panic attacks can be triggered by serious medical conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral change might indicate a maladaptive response to a panic attack?

    <p>Avoidance of unfamiliar situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common fear experienced during a panic attack?

    <p>Fear of dying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms might cause someone to feel as though they are going crazy during a panic attack?

    <p>Derealization or depersonalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Humanistic perspective emphasize regarding individual choices?

    <p>Individuals have the freedom and responsibility to make choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is most closely associated with the concept of self-actualization?

    <p>Abraham Maslow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor may increase vulnerability to psychopathology according to the Sociocultural perspective?

    <p>Cultural and ethnic influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic critique of the reductionist approach according to the Humanistic perspective?

    <p>It is too simplistic for emotional complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Client-centred Therapy in the Humanistic perspective?

    <p>Fostering a supportive client-therapist relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested by the Integrative Approach regarding the explanation of abnormal behavior?

    <p>Different perspectives should be combined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is known to be specific to certain cultures as described in the Sociocultural perspective?

    <p>Hikikomori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant aspect of the Psychological perspective in the classification of mental disorders?

    <p>It includes several sub-perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does social support play in the Sociocultural perspective?

    <p>It serves as a protective buffer against psychopathology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following perspectives criticizes a reductionist approach to human behavior?

    <p>Humanistic perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a specific phobia according to the DSM-5 criteria?

    <p>The phobic situation is avoided or endured with intense anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long must the fear, anxiety, or avoidance persist to meet the criteria for a specific phobia?

    <p>At least 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four subtypes of specific phobia?

    <p>Social situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of phobia is characterized by fear of heights or water?

    <p>Natural environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when fear is described as 'out of proportion' to the actual danger?

    <p>The fear is irrational and excessive in relation to the threat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign would indicate a child may be experiencing a specific phobia?

    <p>Crying, tantrums, or clinging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does specific phobia commonly affect an individual’s life?

    <p>It causes clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a situational phobia?

    <p>Fear of flying in an airplane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of South Australia.
    • The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act.
    • Any further reproduction or communication of this material may be subject to copyright protection under the Act.
    • Do not remove this notice.

    Chapter 1: Conceptual Issues in Abnormal Psychology

    • Learning Objectives:
      • Describe the difficulties inherent in defining abnormality and mental disorder.
      • Distinguish among the main theoretical approaches to understanding the classification, aetiology, and treatment of mental disorders.
      • Evaluate the changes made in psychiatric classification over time.
    • Defining Abnormal:
      • Several terms in the field mean essentially the same thing. These include psychological disorder, mental disorder, and psychiatric disorder. Mental illness and psychopathology are also similar but may refer to the field of study.
      • No single definition captures all aspects of the range of disorders contained in the DSM-5.
    • Defining Abnormal (cont):
      • Statistical deviation
      • Rare behaviours deviating from the average.
      • Violation of social or cultural norms. Can be mis-used (e.g., "Drapetomania").
      • Also, statistical rarity is an element in the definition of abnormality; however, individuals with atypical characteristics (like an elite athlete) are not necessarily considered abnormal.
    • Characteristics of Mental Disorders
      • Personal distress: Emotional pain and suffering
      • Disability: Impairment in key areas
      • Dysfunction: Disabling or maladaptive behaviour, such as intentional harmful behaviours like substance use.
    • DSM-5 Definition
      • A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.
    • DSM-5 Definition (cont)
      • A syndrome is a grouping of signs and symptoms.
      • Mental disorders often cause significant distress and disability in social, occupational, or other important activities.
    • DSM-5 Definition (cont)
      • Common stressors like the death of a loved one are not considered mental disorders.
    • Biological Perspective
      • Early - Hippocrates (four humours),
      • Infectious view, e.g., general paresis
      • Genetic, structural, neurotransmitter areas
    • Biological Perspective (cont)
      • Genetics- Monozygotic twins, offspring of schizophrenic parents, siblings. etc.
      • Brain Structure: structural abnormalities
      • Neurotransmitters: examples: serotonin and dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, GABA mechanisms, agonist and antagonist drugs, second messengers
    • Treatment from the Biological Perspective
      • Early treatments were ineffective.
      • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), psychosurgery
      • Effective medications arrived in the 1950s, and remain popular.
    • Limitations and Criticisms of the Biological Perspective
      • Much of the evidence for biological causation is inconclusive.
      • High rates of relapse after stopping medication.
      • Side effects of some medications are underestimated.
      • Current biological perspectives frequently assume a categorical approach.

    Chapter 2: Anxiety Disorders

    • Learning Objectives:
      • Describe the nature of anxiety and models regarding the aetiology of anxiety disorders.
      • Describe the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, aetiology, and treatments for specific phobias.
      • Describe the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, aetiology, and treatments for panic disorder and agoraphobia.
      • Describe the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, aetiology, and treatments for social anxiety disorder.
      • Describe the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, aetiology, and treatments for generalised anxiety disorder. • The Nature of Fear and Anxiety Disorders
      • Fear: Immediate alarm reaction to perceived danger.
      • Anxiety: Apprehension about future threat.
      • True vs False alarms; false alarms are the hallmark of anxiety disorders/
    • Vulnerability
      • Biological (e.g., predisposition towards anxiety)
      • Generalised psychological (e.g., belief that the world is a dangerous place)
      • Specific psychological (e.g., conditioned response)
    • Diagnoses:
      • Specific phobias
      • Panic disorders and agoraphobia
      • Social anxiety
      • Generalised anxiety

    Chapter 3: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

    • Learning Objectives:
      • Describe the nature and diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
      • Describe the epidemiology and aetiological accounts of OCD.
      • Describe the essential elements of contemporary treatment approaches to OCD.
      • Describe the nature and diagnostic criteria for hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania and excoriation disorder.
    • Obsessions
      • Intrusive; unwanted thoughts, feelings, ideas, and urges
      • Most common - contamination, sexual, and aggressive impulses
    • Compulsions
      • Repetitive behaviours, rituals, routines, in response to obsessions
      • Designed to reduce anxiety
    • OCD
      • Causes significant distress and interference with daily functioning
    • OCD (cont)
      • Clinical assessment, insight, and severity assessment is critical

    Chapter 4: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

    • Learning Objectives:
      • Describe the current diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
      • Identify the prevalence of PTSD and the course of posttraumatic stress responses.
      • Compare the different models accounting for the development of PTSD.
      • Understand the components of effective treatments for PTSD and the current challenges in the treatment of PTSD.
    • PTSD
      • Contrasts to other disorders as it is a disorder of nonrecovery
      • Symptoms emerge during and after the traumatic event but may not worsen over time
      • Focus on understanding risk and resilience

    Chapter 5: Depressive Disorders

    • Learning Objectives:
      • Describe the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders
      • Understand the prevalence of depression in various groups and its associated features
      • Understand the current biological, psychological and social theories of the causes of major depressive disorders
      • Understand the effective treatments for depressive disorders and approaches to reducing relapse and preventing the onset of depression
    • Terminology
      • Unipolar disorder (aka depressive disorder)
      • Bipolar disorder
    • DSM-5 Changes
      • The removal of some previously distinct diagnoses from the 'Mood Disorders' group; inclusion of 'Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder' and 'Prolonged Grief Disorder'

    Chapter 6: Bipolar Disorder

    • Learning Objectives:

      • Differentiate bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder and cyclothymic disorder
      • Understand the epidemiological aspects of bipolar disorder
      • Describe the possible causes of bipolar disorder
      • Describe the medical and psychological interventions used to treat and prevent bipolar disorder

    • History

      • Early views classified mania and depression as separate conditions
      • Later views integrated mania and depression as a single condition
      • Discovery of lithium treatment, a significant step forward.

    Chapter 7: Psychotic Disorders

    • Learning Objectives:

      • Outline the defining symptoms of psychosis.
      • Describe the symptoms of the various DSM-5 psychotic disorders and the problems associated with psychosis.
      • Describe the evolution in the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and the controversies in the field regarding this diagnosis
      • Outline the prevalence, age of onset and stages of psychosis.
      • Describe the range of factors implicated in the aetiology of psychosis
      • Describe the main treatment priorities in relation to the phases of psychosis and the range of evidence-based treatment options

    • Key Features of Psychotic Disorders:

      • Delusions
      • Hallucinations
      • Disorganised thinking
      • Disorganised or abnormal motor behaviour
      • Negative symptoms (e.g. flat affect, reduced speech, lack of motivation)

    Chapter 8: Somatic Symptom and Dissociative Disorders

    • Learning Objectives

      • Describe the similarities and differences between the two categories of somatic symptom and dissociative disorders and the various ways in which these conditions have been understood historically
      • Identify the features, causes and treatments of the primary disorders in the 'somatic symptom and related disorders' category
      • Identify the features, causes and treatments of the primary disorders in the 'dissociative disorders' category

    • Somatic Symptom & Related Disorders:

      • Prominent somatic symptoms that are distressing & disruptive; with excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviours related to symptoms

    • Dissociative Disorders:

      • Disruption in functions like consciousness, memory, identity and behaviour.

    • Conversion Disorder:

      • Symptoms of altered motor or sensory functioning that are not consistent with a recognised medical condition

    • Factitious Disorder:

      • Falsification of physical or psychological symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, in oneself or others
      • Not motivated by external rewards

    Chapter 9: Eating Disorders

    • Learning Objectives:

      • Describe the diagnostic features of eating disorders.
      • Describe current understandings regarding the epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of anorexia nervosa.
      • Describe current understandings regarding the epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of bulimia nervosa.
      • Describe current understandings regarding the epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of binge-eating disorder.
      • Understand key challenges facing the eating disorders field and evaluate the various responses to these challenges

    • DSM-5 changes for Eating Disorders

      • "Feeding and Eating Disorders" is a new chapter, which accommodates conditions that include altered consumption or absorption of food

    • Anorexia Nervosa: Clinical Description, DSM 5 Criteria, Subtypes

    • Symptoms and effects from the disorder (including medical complications)

    • Bulimia Nervosa: Clinical Description, DSM 5 Criteria, Subtypes

    • Binge-eating Disorder: Clinical Description, DSM 5 Criteria

    Chapter 10: Addictive Disorders

    • Learning Objectives
      • Describe the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of substance use disorders.
      • Describe the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology and treatment of gambling disorder.
    • Key terms:
      • A substance; substance intoxication; tolerance; withdrawal from a substance; dual diagnosis
    • Substance Use Disorders
      • Various substances including alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, inhalants etc.

    Chapter 11: Other Disorders

    • Learning Objectives

    • Epidemiology, Etiology, and Treatment of each Specific Disorder .

    Chapter 12: Other Disorders

    • Learning Objectives

    • Epidemiology, Etiology, and Treatment of each Specific Disorder .

    Chapter 13: Personality Disorders

    • Learning Objectives

      • Outline the factors differentiating normal from dysfunctional personality functioning
      • Describe the two classification systems for diagnosing personality disorders, including their similarities and differences
      • Summarise and critically evaluate research on the prevalence of personality disorders in general
      • Describe prominent models regarding the aetiology and treatment of personality disorders in general
      • Describe prominent models regarding the aetiology and treatment of specific personality disorders

    • The Definition of Personality

      • A persistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving across situations and over time

    • Five Factor Model of Personality traits

      • Neuroticism
      • Extraversion
      • Openness to Experience
      • Conscientiousness
      • Agreeableness

    • Personality Disorders

      • Cluster A (Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal) - odd or eccentric behaviours.
      • Cluster B (Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic) - dramatic, emotional or erratic behaviours.
      • Cluster C (Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive) - anxious or fearful behaviours.

    • Discussion of the overlap of personality disorders with other conditions. Discussion of problematic aspects of current classification systems include inter-rater reliability.

    Chapter 14: Disorders of Childhood

    • Learning Objectives

      • Describe the key behavioural and emotional problems of children that are identified by parents and identify the main challenges in examining the mental health problems of children.
      • Describe key themes in the classification of childhood psychological disorders.
      • Describe the main characteristics of the neurodevelopmental disorders.
      • Describe the key features and factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of externalising disorders and the evidence-based approaches to the treatment of these disorders.
      • Describe the key characteristics and treatment of separation anxiety disorder and selective mutism.
      • Describe the various elimination disorders and their treatments

    • Overview of Childhood Disorders and Themes

      • Internalising
      • Externalising
      • Neurodevelopmental
      • Elimination disorders

    • Specific Childhood Disorders

      • Separation Anxiety Disorder
      • Selective Mutism
      • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
      • Specific Learning Disorder
      • Autism Spectrum Disorder
      • Intellectual Disability, and other Neurodevelopmental conditions
      • Enuresis
      • Encopresis

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