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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

  • Initiating protein digestion.
  • Producing ATP for energy.
  • Storing genetic material and regulating gene expression. (correct)
  • Facilitating selective diffusion of solutes.

    • What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  • The number of membranes surrounding it.
  • Its role in lipid synthesis.
  • The types of proteins it transports.
  • The presence of ribosomes on its surface. (correct)

    • Which of the following structures is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

  • Mitochondrion (correct)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Nucleus

    • What type of transport process involves the movement of solutes against their concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin theory behind mitochondria and chloroplasts?

    <p>They originated from prokaryotic organisms through endosymbiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do membrane proteins play in transport processes?

    <p>They facilitate both active and passive transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes cytoskeletal elements?

    <p>There are three kinds, each with unique structural roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do channels facilitate the movement of solutes?

    <p>By enabling passive diffusion down a potential gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common feature do all amino acids share?

    <p>A central carbon atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the differences in the physical and chemical properties of proteins?

    <p>The sequence and types of amino acids in the chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural feature that distinguishes secondary protein structures?

    <p>The folding pattern into alpha helices and beta sheets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is crucial for assembling a specific polypeptide?

    <p>The sequence of nucleotides in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide in nucleic acids?

    <p>Fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the 5’ and 3’ ends of a polynucleotide chain refer to?

    <p>The directionality of the sugar-phosphate backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do glycoproteins differ from standard proteins?

    <p>They contain sugar monomers or polymers added to them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural level in proteins represents the overall 3D shape?

    <p>Tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a metabolic reaction reaches equilibrium?

    <p>There is no further change in free energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction releases free energy?

    <p>Exergonic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in metabolic processes?

    <p>It captures free energy for use at other sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the transition state of a reaction?

    <p>It is an unstable state that requires input of activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do enzymes affect metabolic reactions?

    <p>They control the rate and efficiency of biochemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?

    <p>Inhibition of enzyme activity by the product of the pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT part of aerobic respiration?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?

    <p>Two pyruvate molecules and two ATP molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do gated channels play in cellular transport?

    <p>They can be opened or closed to control solute movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carriers in cellular transport?

    <p>To deliver specific solutes across the membrane down the potential gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does active transport differ from passive transport?

    <p>Active transport requires energy to move substances against their gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>Water is drawn out from the cell, leading to shrinkage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first law of thermodynamics concerning energy?

    <p>Energy can change forms but is neither created nor destroyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of catabolic processes?

    <p>They break down biological molecules to release energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is an example of bulk transport?

    <p>Endocytosis and exocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in entropy indicate about a system according to the second law of thermodynamics?

    <p>The system is moving towards disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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