Sample Quiz

when motor neurones lose their function due to over excitotoxicity, over stimulation from glutamate.

riluzole is used to manage the symptoms of MND however their is no cure, riluzole blocks the sodium channels this prevents depolarisation of the pre synaptic neurone, which decreases action potential and decreases the neurotransmission of glutamate.

benzatropine is used for movement regulation and sialorrhoea, it works by blocking ACh from binding to muscarinic receptors. glycopyrrolate is only used for sialorrhoea it is a competitive inhibitor of ACh receptors in peripheral tissues, including salivary glands.

<h1>botulinum toxin A = block the release of ACh</h1> <p>baclofen = structual analogue of GABA, GABA-B receptor agonist dantrolene = prevents calcium release decreasing muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>shorter prodrug</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>blurred vision, increased heart rate and decreased appetite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>loss of dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DDC = stops conversion of L-dopa into dopamine in the peripheries. apomorphine, rotigotine = dopamine receptor agonists. MAO-B inhibitors, selegiline, rasagiline = decrease break down of dopamine in the CNS COMT inhibitors, entacapone = decrease degration of L-dopa in peripheries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>increase the amount of ACh available and decrease glutamate neurontransmission to prevent neurotoxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>acetylcholinesterase inhibitor NMDA receptor antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>glutamate activates the NMDA channel, causing an influx of sodium this increases neurone depolarisation, increasing action potential of the neurone increasing the neurotransmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>clobazam, clonazepam = causes hyperpolarisation, inhibiting action potential phenytoin, carbamazepine, lamotrigine = acts on voltage gated sodium channels, slows the recovery from inactivated state ethosuximide = inhibits T-type calcium channels valporate = prolongs sodium channel inactivation, inhibits T-type calcium chanels and enhances GABA effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>it competes with dopamine by binding to its receptor on the surface of the post synaptic cell. it also binds to VMATs preventing the transporter from allowing dopamine particles into the vesicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>interferon beta = decrease cytokine release glatiramer = may block presentation of myelin antigens to T cells by taking their place. natalizumab = binds to alpha 4 integrins on T cells, inhibit T cell migration from blood to the CNS alemtuzumab = causes depletion of T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>prevents lymphocytes from leaving lymph nodes, decreases lymphocyte infiltration of the CNS and decreases inflammation and demyelination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline = selectively inhibit the presynaptic reuptake of serotonin. venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine = inhibit serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake. amitriptyline, nortriptyline = inhibits serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake and also blocks cholinergic, histaminergic receptors. non-selective MAOIs = inhibits monoamine oxidases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>slow down dopamine neurotransmission to relieve positive symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>increase decrease narrow diuretics NSAIDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>decreased serotonin levels leading to vasodilation in the meninges, which initiates migraine. release of of CGRP triggers migraine attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>these drugs are triptans they are used for patients with migraines, they are agonist at 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D and 5-HT1F receptors which reduces release of inflammatory neurotransmitters and also causes vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>erenumab fremanezumab<br /> fremanezumab CGRP erenumab CGRP CGRP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>benzodiazepines, inomsnia. inhibitory effects of GABA, bind to GABAa receptors causing calcium influx, decreasing neurone excitability. decreasing the rate nerotransmitters are released.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>they both have inhibitory effects of GABA, however z-drugs are selective to GABAa receptors with an alpha 1 subunit, this makes z-drugs short acting and this is benefical since less day time sedating and lower risk of tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>= follicular phase = rise in FSH, preparation for egg release ovulation = increase of estrogen, LH surge and release of egg luteal phase = increase of progesterone and estrogen to provide nutrients for endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>estrogen- decreases milk supply estrogen- increased risk of endometrial cancer estrogen- procoagulant effects progesterone - increased risk of breast cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>g cells release gastrin, gastrin binds to ECL cells this promotes the release of histamine. histamine binds to its receptor located on parietal cells, this activates the H+/K+ pump causing potassium influx and hydrogen (acid) efflux. also bind to the muscarinic receptors can also activate the H+/K+ pump. however the binding of PGE to the PGR causes inhibition of the H+/K+ pump via blocking the histamine receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>it is converted to sulfenamide, this interacts with cysteine forming a disulphide bond which irreversibly inhibit the proton pump.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>vestibular system - loss of fluid activates H1 and M1 receptors vagal afferent system- vagal sensory neurones are activated 5-HT, H1 and M1 receptors chemoreceptor trigger zone- stimulus can trigger the CTZ, transmission of impulses via dopamine and serotonin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bulk forming- ispaghula - absorbs water to increase faecal bulk. stool softeners- docusate - mix water into faecal matter. stimulant - bisacodyl - stimulate nerve endings to increase intestine motility osmotic - glycerol - draw water into faeces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<h1>leptin = suppresses hunger, produced in fat cells.</h1> <p>ghrelin = increases hunger and food intake, produced in the stomach GLP-1 = produced in the GI tract, decreases hunger and gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pancreatic and gastric lipase inhibitor, this prevents fat from being hydrolysed. blocking absorption of injected fat, therefore increasing the fecal fat excretion.</p> <p>indirect noradrenergic sympathomimetic, stimulates the release of NA and inhibits its reuptake therefore suppressing appetite. - many CV adverse effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>alpha glucagon increases beta insulin decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>glucose enters GLUT2 transporter, glucose is metabolised to generate ATP this inhibits the K/ATP channel causing membrane depolarisation. activating influx of calcium, then vesicle of insulin fuses with membrane and are secreted into blood stream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>calcitriol Ca2+ Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bisphosonates = prevent osteoclast from binding onto hydroxyapatite and prevent osteoblast apoptosis oestrogen &amp; tibolone &amp; raloxifene = reduces osteoclast activity, limiting bone resportion denosumab = binds to RANKL, preventing it from binding it from binding to its receptor on pre-osteoclast, stopping their synthesis. romosozumab = inhibits sclerostin, sclerostin normally inhibits wnt pathway which stimulates osteoblasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers