OHRM 303: Human Behaviour in Organizations

• OHRM 303 focuses on human behaviour in organizations
• The semester should be productive

Learning Outcomes

• Defining interactive behaviour and its significance in organizations is important
• Key factors influencing behaviour at work should be understood
• Effective interpersonal competencies should be identified and developed

Introduction to Human Behaviour

• Shaping work environments requires a deep understanding of human behaviour
• Interactive behaviour and effective competencies are examined in workplace settings
• People have differences in several respects
• Physical actions of a person are exhibited in their thoughts, feelings, emotions and sentiments
• Managers need to understand that people differ since all such differences impact feelings, thought patterns and behaviours of organisational members
• The differences affects aspects of jobs like satisfaction, performance, and stress
• Key basic of individual differences

Human Behaviour Defined

• A potential and expressed capacity of individuals or groups to respond to external and internal stimuli forces throughout their life
• Thought patterns and feelings drive human behaviour
• Influenced by social norms, genetics, creativity, religion and spirituality, attitude, environment etc

Influences on Human Behaviour

• Psychology influences (e.g. motivation, personality, attitudes etc)
• Sociology influences (communication, teams, conflict, culture, power)
• Anthropology influences (organizational environment and culture)
• Political science influences (conflict, politics and power)

Psychology

• Is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behaviour of humans and other animals
• The contribution of psychology involves learning, personality, perception, training, emotions, leadership, motivation, decision-making, attitude management, employee selection techniques, job stress, etc

Sociology

• The study of people in relation to their social environment or culture
• The goal of sociology is the scientific study of social relations
• The contribution of sociology involves Organisational Culture, Formal Organisational Theory and Structure, Power and Conflict, Organisational Techniques, Communication, etc

Anthropology

• The study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities
• Anthropologists contributed to understand organisational culture, organisational environments, and difference between cultures

Individual Differences

• Individual differences are ways in which people differ from each other
• Differences affect job satisfaction, job performance, job stress, and leadership

Characteristics of Individual Differences

• People differ based on personality traits, perception, values, and attitudes

Personality

• Personality refers to the enduring patterns of thoughts, emotions, behaviors and the guide of individual's social interactions
• Factors that determine personality are hereditary and environmental factors

Determinants of Personality

• Nature: Biological, determined at birth, individual has no control
• Nurture: Based on environmental influences or life experiences

Personality Traits

• Locus of control is the degree to which people believe they are in control of their own fates
• Self esteem is the extent to which people like or dislike themselves

Big Five Model

• Extraversion is talkative and assertive
• Agreeableness is cooperative, warm, and trusting
• Conscientiousness is responsible, dependable
• Emotional stability is calm, self-confident
• Openness to experience is imaginative

Big Five Dimensions

• Extraversion - Gregariousness- with traits of positive emotions and warmth,
• Neuroticism - Consciousness - traits of Anxiety, Vulnerability, Self-
• Agreeableness - Understanding - traits of trust, and tender-mindedness
• Conscientiousness - Discipline - traits of Competence, Order, Self-
• Openness to Experience - traits of Fantasy, Actions, Ideas

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

• The Indicator is Based on Carl Jung's work
• People are fundamentally different
• People are fundamentally alike
• Preference combinations include extraversion (E), introversion (N), perception (P), judgment (J)
• MBTI helps understand individual differences

Myer Briggs Personality Type

• Extraversion/Introversion
• Sensing/Intuition
• Thinking/Feeling
• Judging/Perceiving

Perceptions

• The process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
• Key Influences:
  • experience,
  • education,
  • family,
  • culture
  • personality

Values

• Stable, long-lasting beliefs about what is important in a variety of situations
• Fairness, innovation and community involvement are some value examples

Personal Values

• Principles define individuals e.g honesty, integrity, trust, love etc
• Value system

Attitudes

• Defined as positive or negative feelings about objects, people, or events
• Influences on job satisfaction, organisational commitment, organisational citizenship behaviours (OCB), and prejudice/bias

Variables Influencing Individual Behavior

• The Person influences- Skills & abilities, Personality, Perceptions, Attitudes, Values, Ethics
• The Environment influences- Organization , Work group, Job, Personal life
• Behavior = Person plus Envionrment: B = f(P,E)

Types of Organizational commitment

• Affective commitment is the best
• Normative commitment is OK
• Continuance commitment is not good - a calculation that it is in ones best interest to stay with because of the perceived costs of leaving the organization

Consequences of Poor Attitudes

• Temporary and permanent withdrawal ensues
• Customer dissatisfaction Also job performance might suffer

Diversity Definitition

• A mixture of peoplein organizations in terms of:
  • gender
  • race
  • ethnicity
  • disability,
  • sexual orientation
  • age
• demographic characteristics such as education and socio-economic status

Organisation is a social unit

• A collection of people who work together to achieve a wide variety of goals
• A group of persons organized for some end
• With characteristics like goals , specialization/division of labour, formalization, centralization, and substitution of personnel

Factors that influence behaviour at work

• Group Factors influencing behaviour include Group norms and culture, Group roles and status, Group decision-making processes, and Group conflict and cohesion
• Individual factors influencing includes Personality traits (e.g., extraversion, agreeableness), Values and attitudes, Perceptions and beliefs, and Emotions and moods
• Organisational factors include culture, climate, leadership, structure, rewards, policies, and procedures

Organisational Behaviour (OB)

• Organisational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations
• Knowledge helps to improve an organization's effectiveness

What is Organisational behaviour?

• Individual attitudes and behaviors influence organizational outcomes
• Actions and attitudes of people in organisations
• Multi-disciplinary field seeks knowledge of behavior in organizational settings by systematically studying individual, groups and organizational process
• Helps understand predict, and influence attitudes and behaviors in organizations

Primary goals of OB

• Understand attitudes and behaviours in organisations (why do people think and behave as they do?)
• Predicts attitudes and behaviors in organizations
• Influence attitudes and behaviors in organizations

Behaviours in workplaces

• Attitudes influence job performance
• Attitudes influence participation behaviours
• Attitudes influence OCB/ extra-role behaviors
• Attitudes influence ethical behaviours/counter productive behavior
• Attitudes influence managing employee turnover

Attitudes and Behaviours

• Attitude - An emotional or affective evaluation to the job
• Attitudes are evaluative statements – favourable or unfavourable - concerning objects, people or events
• These drive Overall satisfaction, Facet satisfaction (satisfaction with specific parts; pay, promotion), Organisational commitment (desire to remain/belief in organizational values, Job involvement, Job engagement , Empowerment, and Justice.

Organizational behavior (OB)

• Helps managers identify problems and correct them
• Helps people behave differently so their performance and organizational performance can increase
• Leads to the improvement in interpersonal skills
• Helps people attain the competencies needed to become effective employees, team members/leaders or managers
• Transforms a workplace from good to great, with a positive impact on the bottom line

Competency

• An interrelated set of abilities, behaviours, attitudes and knowledge needed by an individual to be effective in most professional and managerial positions

Competencies needed for effectiveness

• Adaptability - respond to ongoing and unexpected changes
• Intercultural - if organization is global, managers need fluency in multiple language, cross-cultural sensitivity and ability to adapt
• Communication and interpersonal effectiveness - convey information for intended reception

Key competencies for effectiveness

• Team management - when to use teams and effectively managing conflicts
• Diversity - ability to value unique individual and group characteristics: work with people based on competencies, not personal attributes
• Ethics - the ability to incorporate values and principles that distinguish right from wrong in making decisions and choosing behaviours
• Being emotionally intelligent - The ability to be aware of your own feelings or emotions and those of others, manage your feelings or emotions, and use your understanding of emotions to create better relationships with other people

Four main elements of emotional intelligence

• Self- awareness: Emotional awareness: Knowing what we are feeling, why we are feeling it, do you understand that people are and act differently etc
• Self-management : Emotional self-control, adaptability, positive outlook, encourage one's self and boost one's confidence Social awareness: Empathetic: Speaking, feeling the same way, take action to try and help that person get out of the situation Relationship management: Building or rebuilding trust with others, ability to influence, coaching and mentoring, Managing conflict and Inspirational leadership

Contribution fields to OB

• Psychology (measures, explains and sometimes changes the behavior of humans)
• Sociology (the study of people in relation to their social environment/culture)
• Social psychology (focuses on the influence people have on one another)
• Anthropology (the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities)
• Political science (intra-organisational conflicts, power and influence)

Explore human behaviour in organizations with OHRM 303. Understand interactive behaviour, key influencing factors, and interpersonal competencies in the workplace. Learn how individual differences impact job satisfaction, performance, and stress.