Questions and Answers
Which image format is most suitable for archiving images?
What technique does MP3 use to reduce audio file size while preserving quality?
What is the purpose of the Title Element in an HTML document?
Which of the following methods is used for detecting errors in data transmission?
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Which format is mainly used for video compression in high-definition broadcasts?
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Which tag is used to create hyperlinks in an HTML document?
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What is the primary function of checkbytes in error detection?
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What distinguishes client-side activities from server-side activities?
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What is a primary disadvantage of off-line mass storage systems compared to main memory?
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Which element contains the meta-information of an HTML document?
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Which of the following describes the purpose of error-correcting codes (ECC)?
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Which tag marks the beginning of a new paragraph in HTML?
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What does a physical record refer to in mass storage systems?
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In which scenario would temporal masking play a significant role?
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What defines the Hamming distance in the context of error-correcting codes?
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Which of the following represents how flash memory operates?
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What does the Body Element contain in an HTML document?
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What is a key field in the context of logical records?
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What is XML primarily used for?
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What closes the HTML document structure?
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Which of these formats is designed to represent a wide range of symbols for various languages?
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How does a vector technique differ from bitmap techniques in image representation?
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What common drawback is associated with repeated erasing of flash memory?
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Which of the following technologies is specifically known for its portability and use via USB?
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What is the first step in the fetch step of the machine cycle?
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Which operation is NOT a logical operation in machine language?
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When performing a logical shift to the left, what is the effect on the binary number?
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What does the arithmetic shift operation maintain when shifting?
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In two's complement representation, how are negative numbers typically handled?
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How is binary division conceptually described based on the provided content?
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What is the primary function of a controller in a computer system?
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Which type of shift operation divides the number by 2 while keeping the sign bit unchanged?
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What role does the Memory Manager play in a computer system?
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Which statement accurately describes the role of the Boot Loader?
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What is a 'Process' in relation to computer operating systems?
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How does the Scheduler contribute to process management?
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What does the Dispatcher do in process management?
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What distinguishes a 'ready' process from a 'waiting' process?
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How does the Memory Manager enable the concept of virtual memory?
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What is the function of device drivers in an operating system?
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Study Notes
Off-line Mass Storage Systems
- Types include Magnetic (hard drives, tapes), Optical (CDs, DVDs), and Solid-State (flash drives, SD cards, SSDs).
- Advantages: More stable (less volatile), larger capacity, lower cost, and removable.
- Disadvantage: Slower access speed compared to electronic main memory.
Solid State Storage
- Flash Memory works by trapping electrons in silicon dioxide chambers.
- Drawbacks include gradual damage from repeated erasing.
- Common uses for flash memory are in digital cameras and smartphones.
- Flash Drives are portable units with capacities up to hundreds of GB, typically connect via USB.
- Secure Digital (SD) Cards provide several GBs of storage.
- Solid State Disks (SSDs) use flash memory for faster data access and storage.
Data Representation
- Physical Record refers to the actual data stored, while Logical Record organizes data for processing through fields (e.g., name, address).
- Key Field acts as a unique identifier for a logical record.
- Buffer serves as a temporary memory area for data during transfer processes.
Character Representation
- Each character is represented by a unique bit pattern.
- ASCII uses 7 bits for 128 characters; DOS expanded to 8 bits for 256 characters.
- ISO developed 8-bit extensions for major language support.
- Unicode utilizes 16 bits to represent a wide range of global symbols.
Numeric Value Representation
- Binary Notation uses base two for numbers, with limitations such as overflow (exceeding representation capacity) and truncation (loss of precision).
Image Representation
- Pixels are the basic units of images.
- Bitmap techniques encode images as pixels using RGB color channels.
- Vector techniques represent images as geometric shapes, scalable without quality loss.
- Video encoding saves only changes between frames for efficiency.
Data Compression Techniques
- Dictionary Encoding uses a dynamic dictionary for data compression (e.g., LZW in GIFs).
- GIF is suitable for cartoons; JPEG is ideal for photographs; TIFF is used for image archiving.
Audio and Video Compression
- MPEG standards are widely used for video and audio compression in high-definition TV and video conferencing.
- MP3 reduces audio file size while maintaining quality, utilizing temporal and frequency masking.
Communication Error Correction
- Parity Bits add an extra bit to detect errors based on the even or odd count of 1s.
- Checkbytes use extra codes to verify data correctness.
- Error-Correcting Codes (ECC) automatically find and fix transmission errors, using Hamming distance for error identification.
Machine Language and Operations
- The fetch step in the machine cycle involves getting an instruction from memory, updating the program counter, and processing the instruction.
- Arithmetic/Logic Operations include basic functions: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, with methods depending on number representation (e.g., two's complement).
Device and Memory Management
- Controller manages communication between the computer and devices.
- Device drivers are essential for hardware functionality, and the memory manager allocates RAM effectively (including virtual memory).
- Bootstrapping involves loading the operating system into memory upon startup, facilitated by a boot loader.
Operating Systems and Process Management
- Operating systems coordinate the execution of application and utility software through processes.
- Process status includes the current execution point and CPU register values.
- The Scheduler and Dispatcher manage process execution, determining ready and waiting states.
HTML and Web Development
- HTML elements create the structure of a web page, including the root, head, title, body, header, and paragraphs.
- Links are defined to navigate between web pages, enhancing user interaction.
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
- XML creates custom markup languages, is flexible, and is a descendant of SGML, promoting a semantic web.
Client-Side vs Server-Side
- Client-side activities run on users' devices, involving Java applets and JavaScript.
- Server-side activities process and store data on the server using CGI, Servlets, PHP, and more.
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Description
Test your knowledge on off-line mass storage systems including magnetic, optical, and solid-state types. Explore the advantages, disadvantages, and common uses of various storage devices like flash drives and SSDs. This quiz will also cover data representation concepts such as physical and logical records.
