Podcast
Questions and Answers
During the eclipse phase of the viral replication process, what is happening inside the host cell?
During the eclipse phase of the viral replication process, what is happening inside the host cell?
- The virus has been neutralized by the host immune response
- The virus has been lysed by the host cell
- The virus is actively replicating and producing new viral particles
- The virus has entered the host cell but is not yet producing new viral particles (correct)
What is the difference between susceptibility and permissiveness in the context of viral replication?
What is the difference between susceptibility and permissiveness in the context of viral replication?
- Susceptibility refers to the ability of a virus to infect a cell, while permissiveness refers to the ability of a cell to support viral replication (correct)
- Susceptibility refers to the ability of a virus to cause disease, while permissiveness refers to the ability of a cell to resist infection
- Susceptibility refers to the ability of a cell to support viral replication, while permissiveness refers to the ability of a virus to infect a cell
- Susceptibility refers to the ability of a cell to be infected, while permissiveness refers to the ability of a virus to cause disease
Why do some viruses encode their own polymerases and cell-cycle regulators?
Why do some viruses encode their own polymerases and cell-cycle regulators?
- To enhance the pathogenicity of the virus
- To evade detection by the host immune system
- To prevent the host cell from undergoing apoptosis
- To ensure accurate and efficient replication within the host cell (correct)
What characterizes immediate early proteins in viral replicative cycles?
What characterizes immediate early proteins in viral replicative cycles?
Which factor influences tissue tropism, pathogenesis, and host specificity in viral replication?
Which factor influences tissue tropism, pathogenesis, and host specificity in viral replication?
What is a common goal of antiviral therapy?
What is a common goal of antiviral therapy?
What is the minimum requirement for a virus to replicate?
What is the minimum requirement for a virus to replicate?
Which of the following accurately describes viruses?
Which of the following accurately describes viruses?
What differentiates viruses from other microbes?
What differentiates viruses from other microbes?
What is the role of a virion?
What is the role of a virion?
What is a bacteriophage?
What is a bacteriophage?
What does the term 'nucleoprotein' refer to?
What does the term 'nucleoprotein' refer to?
What structure is formed by nucleoproteins complexed directly to nucleic acid?
What structure is formed by nucleoproteins complexed directly to nucleic acid?
How is symmetry classified in terms of viral capsid shapes?
How is symmetry classified in terms of viral capsid shapes?
What does an icosahedron consist of?
What does an icosahedron consist of?
What does the term 'envelope' refer to in relation to viruses?
What does the term 'envelope' refer to in relation to viruses?
What is the role of a capsid in a virus?
What is the role of a capsid in a virus?
What is the term for a virus that infects bacteria?
What is the term for a virus that infects bacteria?
What is the main function of the capsid in a virus?
What is the main function of the capsid in a virus?
Which type of virus has a lipid bilayer envelope?
Which type of virus has a lipid bilayer envelope?
What is the role of the matrix in some viruses?
What is the role of the matrix in some viruses?
Which structure is responsible for adhesion in naked viruses?
Which structure is responsible for adhesion in naked viruses?
What are lipid rafts on the host cell membrane targeted for during virus budding?
What are lipid rafts on the host cell membrane targeted for during virus budding?
What can cause denaturation of a protein capsid in a virus?
What can cause denaturation of a protein capsid in a virus?
Which type of virus is more resistant to environmental stresses such as heat and chemicals?
Which type of virus is more resistant to environmental stresses such as heat and chemicals?
What is the main role of the envelope in an enveloped virus?
What is the main role of the envelope in an enveloped virus?
Which type of virus has a nucleocapsid or capsid wrapped in a lipid bilayer envelope?
Which type of virus has a nucleocapsid or capsid wrapped in a lipid bilayer envelope?
Which component of a virus is involved in binding to a cell receptor?
Which component of a virus is involved in binding to a cell receptor?
What is another name for a viral attachment protein?
What is another name for a viral attachment protein?
What is the variety among viruses almost endless due to?
What is the variety among viruses almost endless due to?
Which type of viruses are more likely to survive on inanimate objects?
Which type of viruses are more likely to survive on inanimate objects?
What is the primary reason that enveloped viruses will not generally reach the intestine?
What is the primary reason that enveloped viruses will not generally reach the intestine?
Which type of viruses are almost always responsible for causing diarrhea?
Which type of viruses are almost always responsible for causing diarrhea?
What is more likely to inactivate enveloped viruses than naked viruses?
What is more likely to inactivate enveloped viruses than naked viruses?
What is one benefit of the envelope that a virus can carry?
What is one benefit of the envelope that a virus can carry?
How are viruses grouped for easier study?
How are viruses grouped for easier study?
What suffix do viral families end in?
What suffix do viral families end in?
Which type of viral genomes can be segmented?
Which type of viral genomes can be segmented?
Which type of capsid symmetry is associated with a tubular or helicoidal structure?
Which type of capsid symmetry is associated with a tubular or helicoidal structure?
What is the term for the time between viral entry and new progeny release?
What is the term for the time between viral entry and new progeny release?
What is the term for a way to visualize the presence of an infectious lytic viral particle and count them?
What is the term for a way to visualize the presence of an infectious lytic viral particle and count them?
Which step in the viral replicative cycle involves the binding of the virion to the host cell?
Which step in the viral replicative cycle involves the binding of the virion to the host cell?
How do most naked viruses enter cells?
How do most naked viruses enter cells?
What is the mechanism through which some naked viruses enter cells by transferring the complete virion through the membrane without major lysis?
What is the mechanism through which some naked viruses enter cells by transferring the complete virion through the membrane without major lysis?
How do enveloped viruses enter cells by fusion of the viral envelope and the plasma membrane of the cell?
How do enveloped viruses enter cells by fusion of the viral envelope and the plasma membrane of the cell?
What is the term for cell surface molecules that viral attachment proteins (VAPs) may bind to during viral adhesion?
What is the term for cell surface molecules that viral attachment proteins (VAPs) may bind to during viral adhesion?
What kind of forces are likely responsible for the initial contact between viral attachment proteins and cell receptors?
What kind of forces are likely responsible for the initial contact between viral attachment proteins and cell receptors?
What kind of forces often lead to conformational changes that initiate the molecular cascade causing virion entry?
What kind of forces often lead to conformational changes that initiate the molecular cascade causing virion entry?
What compensates for weak molecular specificity in the case of virion binding to a single receptor molecule?
What compensates for weak molecular specificity in the case of virion binding to a single receptor molecule?
What is used to block virion binding and neutralize the virus, making it a common vaccine target?
What is used to block virion binding and neutralize the virus, making it a common vaccine target?
For enveloped viruses, what part of the virus is the viral attachment protein (VAP)?
For enveloped viruses, what part of the virus is the viral attachment protein (VAP)?
During which step of the viral replicative cycle does the production of nucleic acids and proteins take place?
During which step of the viral replicative cycle does the production of nucleic acids and proteins take place?
Which term refers to the ability of a host cell to recognize, follow, and complete the instructions coded within the viral genome?
Which term refers to the ability of a host cell to recognize, follow, and complete the instructions coded within the viral genome?
What determines organ, tissue, and cell tropism of a virus and helps define aspects of its epidemiology and pathophysiology?
What determines organ, tissue, and cell tropism of a virus and helps define aspects of its epidemiology and pathophysiology?
What is the period between when an infecting virus has fallen apart and when the first progeny are assembled inside the cell called?
What is the period between when an infecting virus has fallen apart and when the first progeny are assembled inside the cell called?
Which term refers to the range of cells that a virus is able to attach to based on possessing the needed receptor on its surface?
Which term refers to the range of cells that a virus is able to attach to based on possessing the needed receptor on its surface?
What characterizes a susceptible cell in relation to viral attachment?
What characterizes a susceptible cell in relation to viral attachment?
Which step of the virus replication cycle generally involves the binding of a virion to its cognate receptor(s) on the surface of a susceptible cell?
Which step of the virus replication cycle generally involves the binding of a virion to its cognate receptor(s) on the surface of a susceptible cell?
What determines host specificity and helps define organ, tissue, and cell tropism in viral infectious diseases?
What determines host specificity and helps define organ, tissue, and cell tropism in viral infectious diseases?
What term is used to describe the period between when an infecting virus has fallen apart and when the first progeny are assembled inside the cell?
What term is used to describe the period between when an infecting virus has fallen apart and when the first progeny are assembled inside the cell?
What factor determines whether a virus will be able to replicate inside a host cell?
What factor determines whether a virus will be able to replicate inside a host cell?
What characterizes a permissive host cell that allows for infective viral particles to be produced?
What characterizes a permissive host cell that allows for infective viral particles to be produced?
What term refers to the range of cells that a virus is able to attach to based on possessing the needed receptor on its surface?
What term refers to the range of cells that a virus is able to attach to based on possessing the needed receptor on its surface?
How do viruses achieve movement toward deeper compartments of the cell, such as the nucleus?
How do viruses achieve movement toward deeper compartments of the cell, such as the nucleus?
What is the primary mechanism of peripheral movement of viruses within a cell?
What is the primary mechanism of peripheral movement of viruses within a cell?
When does uncoating of viruses typically begin?
When does uncoating of viruses typically begin?
Where does replication in the cytoplasm usually occur for some viruses?
Where does replication in the cytoplasm usually occur for some viruses?
Which type of movement is mediated by actin filament transport?
Which type of movement is mediated by actin filament transport?
What is the primary mechanism for movement toward deeper compartments of the cell, such as the nucleus?
What is the primary mechanism for movement toward deeper compartments of the cell, such as the nucleus?
Which event can trigger uncoating of enveloped viruses?
Which event can trigger uncoating of enveloped viruses?
How do most DNA viruses gain access to the nucleus for replication?
How do most DNA viruses gain access to the nucleus for replication?
What process allows infection of non-dividing, terminally differentiated cells by viruses?
What process allows infection of non-dividing, terminally differentiated cells by viruses?
What is the role of immediate-early proteins in viral replicative cycles?
What is the role of immediate-early proteins in viral replicative cycles?
What is the primary role of viral mRNA in DNA virus replication?
What is the primary role of viral mRNA in DNA virus replication?
Which enzyme is typically used by most DNA viruses to replicate their DNA?
Which enzyme is typically used by most DNA viruses to replicate their DNA?
What is the main strategy for protein production in DNA viruses?
What is the main strategy for protein production in DNA viruses?
How do viruses that require the host’s DNA polymerase solve the problem of enzyme accessibility?
How do viruses that require the host’s DNA polymerase solve the problem of enzyme accessibility?
What is amplified by cellular DNA-dependent DNA polymerase in the nucleus?
What is amplified by cellular DNA-dependent DNA polymerase in the nucleus?
What happens to some of the dsDNA in DNA viruses after transcription into mRNA by cellular RNA polymerase?
What happens to some of the dsDNA in DNA viruses after transcription into mRNA by cellular RNA polymerase?
What is the main location for protein synthesis using viral mRNA in DNA viruses?
What is the main location for protein synthesis using viral mRNA in DNA viruses?
What type of replication scheme can retroviruses fall into based on their nucleic acid replication?
What type of replication scheme can retroviruses fall into based on their nucleic acid replication?
What is the process of enveloped viruses acquiring an external membrane layer?
What is the process of enveloped viruses acquiring an external membrane layer?
What is the term for the process of incorporating genomic nucleic acid into the protective capsid of the virus?
What is the term for the process of incorporating genomic nucleic acid into the protective capsid of the virus?
How do naked viruses typically exit cells?
How do naked viruses typically exit cells?
Which type of assembly starts with individual structural proteins assembling into more complex protomers?
Which type of assembly starts with individual structural proteins assembling into more complex protomers?
What is the term for the process of viruses exiting cells by budding?
What is the term for the process of viruses exiting cells by budding?
How do enveloped viruses generally exit cells?
How do enveloped viruses generally exit cells?
What is the term for the process whereby some enveloped viruses enter cells by transferring the complete virion through the membrane without major lysis?
What is the term for the process whereby some enveloped viruses enter cells by transferring the complete virion through the membrane without major lysis?
What is the primary method of virus release for enveloped viruses?
What is the primary method of virus release for enveloped viruses?
What is the term for the mechanism through which some enveloped viruses enter cells by fusing their envelope with the plasma membrane?
What is the term for the mechanism through which some enveloped viruses enter cells by fusing their envelope with the plasma membrane?
What is the process through which some enveloped viruses cause cells to fuse together?
What is the process through which some enveloped viruses cause cells to fuse together?
What is the term for cell destruction and death caused by releasing naked viruses?
What is the term for cell destruction and death caused by releasing naked viruses?
What is the term for the period during which an infecting virus has fallen apart and new progeny are assembled inside the cell?
What is the term for the period during which an infecting virus has fallen apart and new progeny are assembled inside the cell?
During which phase of the viral replication cycle does the production of nucleic acids and proteins take place?
During which phase of the viral replication cycle does the production of nucleic acids and proteins take place?
What event frequently triggers uncoating of the viral genome?
What event frequently triggers uncoating of the viral genome?
Which virus would most likely cause lysis of the host cell?
Which virus would most likely cause lysis of the host cell?
Which stage of the viral replication cycle is most likely affected by an antiviral drug that inhibits the herpesvirus fusion protein?
Which stage of the viral replication cycle is most likely affected by an antiviral drug that inhibits the herpesvirus fusion protein?
What is one unique trait of all viruses?
What is one unique trait of all viruses?
What does an enveloped virus finish after exiting the cell?
What does an enveloped virus finish after exiting the cell?
Which virus uses sialic acid as a receptor for attachment?
Which virus uses sialic acid as a receptor for attachment?
What is required by many viruses to pass from a non-infectious form to infectious virions?
What is required by many viruses to pass from a non-infectious form to infectious virions?
What represents the end of the eclipse phase in the viral replication cycle?
What represents the end of the eclipse phase in the viral replication cycle?
Which event involves modification of both virus and host cell in the case of many enveloped viruses such as influenza virus?
Which event involves modification of both virus and host cell in the case of many enveloped viruses such as influenza virus?
Which polymerase is responsible for retrovirus DNA production?
Which polymerase is responsible for retrovirus DNA production?
What is the main reason that RNA viruses are more likely to mutate more quickly than DNA viruses?
What is the main reason that RNA viruses are more likely to mutate more quickly than DNA viruses?
Why do positive-polarity ssRNA viruses not need to carry their own polymerase upon penetration of the host cell?
Why do positive-polarity ssRNA viruses not need to carry their own polymerase upon penetration of the host cell?
What is the immediate product of reverse transcription in retroviruses?
What is the immediate product of reverse transcription in retroviruses?
Why do negative-polarity ssRNA viruses absolutely must carry their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme when they penetrate the host cell?
Why do negative-polarity ssRNA viruses absolutely must carry their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme when they penetrate the host cell?
What is the role of an integrase in retroviral replication?
What is the role of an integrase in retroviral replication?
Why do double-stranded RNA viruses follow the (-) ssRNA replication strategy?
Why do double-stranded RNA viruses follow the (-) ssRNA replication strategy?
What is the immediate result of reverse transcription in retroviruses?
What is the immediate result of reverse transcription in retroviruses?
What allows positive-polarity ssRNA viruses to immediately initiate protein synthesis upon penetration of the host cell?
What allows positive-polarity ssRNA viruses to immediately initiate protein synthesis upon penetration of the host cell?
Why do cells not possess enzymes like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for viral replication?
Why do cells not possess enzymes like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for viral replication?
What allows retroviruses to integrate their DNA into the host's genome?
What allows retroviruses to integrate their DNA into the host's genome?
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the complementary strand of incoming viral ssDNA in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses?
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the complementary strand of incoming viral ssDNA in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses?
Which virus is responsible for erythema infectiosum, also called fifth disease or slapped-cheek disease?
Which virus is responsible for erythema infectiosum, also called fifth disease or slapped-cheek disease?
What is the odd replication strategy employed by gapped (partial) dsDNA viruses like the Hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae)?
What is the odd replication strategy employed by gapped (partial) dsDNA viruses like the Hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae)?
What is the function of virus-specific reverse transcriptase synthesized in gapped (partial) dsDNA viruses like the Hepatitis B virus?
What is the function of virus-specific reverse transcriptase synthesized in gapped (partial) dsDNA viruses like the Hepatitis B virus?
What is the role of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in RNA viruses?
What is the role of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in RNA viruses?
What happens when negative-polarity (-) ssRNA viruses penetrate the host cell?
What happens when negative-polarity (-) ssRNA viruses penetrate the host cell?
How do positive-polarity (+) ssRNA viruses initiate protein synthesis upon penetration?
How do positive-polarity (+) ssRNA viruses initiate protein synthesis upon penetration?
What does the viral RNA polymerase of negative-sense RNA viruses result in?
What does the viral RNA polymerase of negative-sense RNA viruses result in?
What characterizes protein production strategies in RNA viruses with a segmented genome?
What characterizes protein production strategies in RNA viruses with a segmented genome?
What initiates translation of positive-polarity (+) ssRNA viruses' genome into a polyprotein that is cleaved to mature proteins by protease enzyme?
What initiates translation of positive-polarity (+) ssRNA viruses' genome into a polyprotein that is cleaved to mature proteins by protease enzyme?
Study Notes
- Viruses cannot metabolize or make energy, they are obligate intracellular parasites that use host cell machinery to replicate.
- Viruses have a nucleic acid genome and a protein coating called a capsid, all components are derived from host cells.
- Viruses cannot be killed, they are inactivated or neutralized, rendering them unable to infect.
- Viruses come in a variety of sizes and families, each causing different diseases.
- A virus is made up of a genome, capsid, and other structures like an envelope.
- The genome contains the instructions to create new viral particles.
- Capsid is the protective shell, built from many copies of one or several proteins.
- The capsid plays a role in delivering nucleic acid into the host cell upon infection and releasing it at the right time.
- Viral attachment proteins or spike glycoproteins are involved in binding to a cell receptor during infection.
- Capsids can be icosahedral, helical, or complex in symmetry and shape.
- Naked viruses do not have a lipid bilayer envelope.
- Viral genomes can be DNA or RNA, single or double-stranded, linear, circular, or segmented/polyploid.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of viruses, including their genome, capsid, and replication process, as well as how they infect host cells. Learn about the different types of viral families and their impact on causing diseases.
