Octavian Augustus and Roman Reforms

Period of relative peace in Rome, following Octavian Augustus's reign.

First Roman emperor, bringing Rome's civil service and common currency.

System of paid officials managing government affairs, not just the rich.

End of Pax Romana, followed by crisis that led to decline of the empire.

Silver denarius, simplifying trade across the Roman Empire.

The Roman Empire's trade routes were disrupted, causing economic hardship and decline.

The Roman government reduced the amount of silver in coins to make more money, leading to inflation and economic instability.

Wars and poor farming practices destroyed fertile land in the Roman Empire, leading to food shortages and population decline.

The Roman army increasingly relied on foreign soldiers who were paid to fight, weakening its loyalty and effectiveness.

The Germanic tribes were pushed into Roman territories by the Huns, who were migrating West and attacking them.

Form of government established after the overthrow of Tarquin the Proud in ancient Rome.

Highest officials in the Roman Republic, with limited power and one-year terms (renewable after 10 years).

Powerful body in the Roman Republic, composed of 300 members from the upper class (Patricians).

Roman officials who served with various duties in the Republic, such as praetors(justice), aediles(public safety), and quaestors(economy).

Representatives elected by Plebeians to protect their rights against Patrician dominance.

First written legal code in Rome, protecting the rights of all free citizens, protecting from Patrician abuse

Series of conflicts between Rome and Carthage for Mediterranean dominance and territory.

The power struggle in the Roman Republic between the wealthy upper class and the common people.

The location of ancient Rome, with fertile land, mountains for protection, and the sea for transportation and food. Many tribes, like the Celts, Sabines, Latins, and Etruscans, inhabited this region.

According to legend, the twin founders of Rome who were rescued from death, raised by a she-wolf, and later disputed over the city's boundaries, leading to Romulus killing Remus.

A powerful civilization who influenced Rome with their trading, ruling practices, and advanced culture. The Etruscans were one of the many tribes living in Italy before the Roman Kingdom emerged.

The first phase of Roman history lasting from 753 B.C. to 509 B.C. where Rome was ruled by kings and a small elite.

Ancient Rome was located on the Italian Peninsula, benefiting from fertile land, protection from surrounding mountains, and a coastline for trade and transportation. The city itself was built on seven hills with the Tiber River running through it.

Mountains in ancient Greece limited farmland, made transportation difficult, and separated regions, leading to many independent communities.

The Minoan civilization flourished on the island of Crete, known for skilled craftspeople, architects, and elaborate structures with murals.

The Mycenaeans built powerful city-states, with Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes being the most prominent.

The Dark Age of Greece is poorly documented, with limited written records. The Iliad and Odyssey, attributed to Homer, offer valuable insights into that era.

The Greeks colonized to find more fertile land, expand trade, resolve political conflicts, acquire territory, and experience adventure.

A form of government where a single person, a king, rules the city-state.

A form of government where a small group of nobles, often from wealthy families, holds power.

A form of government where a small group of wealthy citizens, often those with land ownership, controls the city-state.

A ruler who seizes power illegally, often appealing to the common people.

A free adult male property owner born in a city-state, with full political rights.

Introduced strict legal codes and debt slavery, where debtors worked as slaves to repay debts.

Outlawed debt slavery and created a social class system based on wealth, allowing all citizens to participate in the Athenian assembly.

Further developed Athenian democracy by dividing citizens into 10 tribes based on where they lived, allowing greater political participation.

A series of conflicts between the Persian Empire and Greek city-states, ultimately leading to victory for the Greeks and the establishment of the Delian League.

An alliance of Greek city-states formed after the Persian Wars, primarily led by Athens, with the goal of defending against future Persian threats.

A major conflict between Athens and Sparta that weakened Greek city-states and paved the way for Macedonian conquest.

A blend of Greek culture with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences, flourishing after the conquests of Alexander the Great.

The King of Macedon who conquered the Greek city-states, setting the stage for his son, Alexander the Great.

One of the major causes of the Roman Republic's crisis was the difficulty of governing and administering such a vast area.

The Roman Republic's crisis was fueled by growing dissatisfaction among the poor, who felt marginalized and disregarded by the ruling elite.

The Roman Republic's crisis was worsened by problems within the military structure, possibly due to a lack of order or morale.

During the Roman crisis, farmers lost land due to war and high costs, leading to poverty.

A major issue during the Roman Republic's crisis: a slave rebellion led by Spartacus.

Political figures during the Roman Republic's crisis who proposed reforms to address the land distribution issue.

A Roman general during the crisis who proposed changes allowing landless men to join the army and offering land to soldiers after their service.

The Roman Republic experienced instability and political unrest, with frequent rule by dictators.

A key problem in the Roman Republic was the lack of loyalty among soldiers, who were more loyal to their commanders than the state.

A powerful political alliance formed during the Roman Republic's civil war.

A conflict between the powerful Mycenaeans and the independent trading city of Troy, most famously depicted by the myth of Helen's abduction and the Trojan Horse.

The spark igniting the Persian Wars! Greeks living in Ionia revolted against Persian rule, seeking independence and sparking a conflict that would shake the ancient world.

A decisive victory for the Athenians led by Miltiades, where a Greek army faced the Persian forces led by King Darius, stopping the Persians' advance into Greece.

A powerful Bronze Age civilization in Ancient Greece known for their military prowess and large palaces, with a significant impact on the history of Greece, particularly through their legacy in mythology and epic poetry.

The Etruscans significantly influenced early Roman culture, sharing their advanced skills in craftsmanship, trade, art, and writing. They also had a strong political system with a king as leader.

The Roman Kingdom was ruled by a king (Rex) who had political, military, judicial, and religious power. The Senate assisted the king, while the Assembly represented the people.

Tarquin the Proud was the last king of Rome. He was known for being strict and authoritative, leading to his expulsion and the end of the Roman Kingdom.

Seven kings ruled Rome during the Roman Kingdom period, each contributing to the city's growth and development. They expanded the territory, built infrastructure, and introduced innovations like Roman coins.