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Questions and Answers
What is antibiotic resistance?
What is antibiotic resistance?
Define artificial selection.
Define artificial selection.
Darwin's term for the selective breeding of organisms selected for certain traits.
What is chromosomal sex determination?
What is chromosomal sex determination?
A sex determination system where the sex of an individual is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes.
What does comparative anatomy study?
What does comparative anatomy study?
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What is descent with modification?
What is descent with modification?
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Define evolution in a biological context.
Define evolution in a biological context.
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What is evolutionary radiation?
What is evolutionary radiation?
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What does extinction mean?
What does extinction mean?
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Define fitness in evolutionary terms.
Define fitness in evolutionary terms.
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What is gene expression?
What is gene expression?
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What are major transitions in evolution?
What are major transitions in evolution?
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Define mating systems.
Define mating systems.
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What is a mutation?
What is a mutation?
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Define natural selection.
Define natural selection.
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What are neutral mutations?
What are neutral mutations?
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What is a phenotype?
What is a phenotype?
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Define phylogenetic diversity.
Define phylogenetic diversity.
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What is a phylogenetic tree?
What is a phylogenetic tree?
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Define selective breeding.
Define selective breeding.
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What is sequence divergence?
What is sequence divergence?
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Define sex ratio.
Define sex ratio.
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What is speciation?
What is speciation?
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What is sperm competition?
What is sperm competition?
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Define creationism.
Define creationism.
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What are the four types of Creationism?
What are the four types of Creationism?
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What is the Scopes Trial?
What is the Scopes Trial?
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What amendment addresses the separation of church and state?
What amendment addresses the separation of church and state?
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What are the two key concepts for Darwin's theory of evolution?
What are the two key concepts for Darwin's theory of evolution?
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Define natural selection.
Define natural selection.
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What does Young-Creationism believe?
What does Young-Creationism believe?
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What does Gap Creationism advocate?
What does Gap Creationism advocate?
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What does Day-age Creationism propose?
What does Day-age Creationism propose?
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What is Intelligent Design?
What is Intelligent Design?
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Summarize the chapter on Evolutionary Biology.
Summarize the chapter on Evolutionary Biology.
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Evolutionary Biology
- Antibiotic Resistance: A condition where bacteria survive exposure to antibiotics, resulting from natural selection, allowing microbes to reproduce in antibiotic environments.
- Artificial Selection: Selective breeding process guided by humans to produce desired traits in organisms, fundamental to agriculture and domestication.
- Chromosomal Sex Determination: A system where sex is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes present in an individual, seen in most mammals.
- Comparative Anatomy: Examines anatomical similarities and differences across species, providing insight into evolutionary relationships and phylogeny.
- Descent with Modification: Core principle of evolution describing the process through which species evolve and diversify over time.
- Evolution: Defined broadly as change over time; in biology, it refers to descent with modification responsible for life's diversity.
- Evolutionary Radiation: Rapid increase in species diversity or morphological variation due to adaptation or new ecological opportunities.
- Extinction: The complete loss of a species, marking the end of its existence on Earth.
- Fitness: Refers to reproductive success in relation to the average success within a population; a measure of an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
- Gene Expression: The biological process through which genetic information leads to the synthesis of functional products, primarily proteins.
- Major Transitions: Significant evolutionary events over 3.5 billion years, such as the emergence of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and the development of multicellular organisms.
- Mating Systems: Defined patterns of reproductive pairing within populations, which include configurations like monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry.
- Mutation: Any alteration in DNA sequence, which can lead to genetic diversity and evolution.
- Natural Selection: A gradual evolutionary process where traits improving survival and reproduction become more common, rooted in variation and inheritance.
- Neutral Mutations: Genetic changes that do not impact an organism's fitness, often having no observable effect on phenotype.
- Phenotype: Observable traits of an organism resulting from the interaction of genetics and the environment.
- Phylogenetic Diversity: The variety in the evolutionary history of a taxon, often quantified by the total branch length in a phylogenetic tree.
- Phylogenetic Tree: Diagram representing evolutionary relationships among species, illustrating divergence and speciation.
- Selective Breeding: Human-led breeding process to encourage the propagation of desired traits in plants and animals.
- Sequence Divergence: The measure of differences between two DNA sequences, used to assess evolutionary distances.
- Sex Ratio: The proportion of males to females in a population, which can influence reproductive strategies.
- Speciation: The formation of new species from existing populations, often linked to changes in gene flow.
- Sperm Competition: Competitive process among sperm for fertilization of eggs, influencing reproductive strategies in some species.
Creationism Concepts
- Creationism: The belief that a supernatural being created Earth and its life forms.
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Types of Creationism:
- Young-Creationism: Belief in a young Earth.
- Gap-Creationism: Belief in creation across a series of days.
- Day-age Creationism: Belief that creation days represent longer periods.
- Intelligent Design: Suggests an intelligent force, not necessarily a deity, influenced Earth’s creation.
Key Events and Theories
- Scopes Trial: Landmark legal case in 1925 focusing on the teaching of evolution versus creationism in schools, highlighting societal tensions between science and religion.
- Separation of Church and State: Ensured by the 4th Amendment, influencing educational content regarding evolution and creationism.
- Darwin's Theory of Evolution: Proposes common ancestry of life and population changes over time via natural selection, revolutionizing biological sciences.
- Applications of Evolutionary Understanding: Insights from evolution aid in addressing issues in medicine, conservation, and controlling resistance in pests and pathogens.
- Tree of Life: Represents the extensive branching evolutionary relationships of all species that have existed, providing a framework for understanding biodiversity.
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