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Questions and Answers

What is antibiotic resistance?

  • A process of human-directed selective breeding
  • A condition affecting bacteria that increases sensitivity to antibiotics
  • A way to increase the effectiveness of antibiotics
  • A condition in which a bacterium is not affected or killed by an antibiotic (correct)
  • Define artificial selection.

    Darwin's term for the selective breeding of organisms selected for certain traits.

    What is chromosomal sex determination?

    A sex determination system where the sex of an individual is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes.

    What does comparative anatomy study?

    <p>Similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is descent with modification?

    <p>The evolutionary process by which species change over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define evolution in a biological context.

    <p>The process of descent with modification responsible for the origin, maintenance, and diversity of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is evolutionary radiation?

    <p>An increase in taxonomic diversity or morphological disparity due to adaptive change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does extinction mean?

    <p>The loss of all individuals in a species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define fitness in evolutionary terms.

    <p>A measure of reproductive success relative to the average reproductive success in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gene expression?

    <p>The process by which a gene produces a functional product, often a protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are major transitions in evolution?

    <p>Fundamental changes in the organization of living things over history, including the evolution of multicellularity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define mating systems.

    <p>The mode or pattern of reproductive pairing in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutation?

    <p>A change to the DNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define natural selection.

    <p>A process that increases the frequency of beneficial alleles over time in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neutral mutations?

    <p>Mutations that do not affect fitness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phenotype?

    <p>The observable physical, developmental, and behavioral characteristics of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define phylogenetic diversity.

    <p>The amount of diversity in the evolutionary history of a taxon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>A visual representation of the evolutionary relationship between species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define selective breeding.

    <p>A process in which humans decide which plants or animals are allowed to breed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sequence divergence?

    <p>A measure of the extent to which two DNA sequences differ from one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define sex ratio.

    <p>The ratio of males to females in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is speciation?

    <p>The process by which new species arise from previously existing ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sperm competition?

    <p>Competition among sperm for access to eggs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define creationism.

    <p>The belief that a supernatural being created Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of Creationism?

    <p>Gap-Creationism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Scopes Trial?

    <p>A legal case regarding the teaching of evolution in schools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What amendment addresses the separation of church and state?

    <p>4th Amendment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two key concepts for Darwin's theory of evolution?

    <ol> <li>All life shares a common ancestor. 2. Populations pass traits which change over time.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Define natural selection.

    <p>The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Young-Creationism believe?

    <p>Belief that Earth is young.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gap Creationism advocate?

    <p>The belief that 'God' made the Earth in a series of days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Day-age Creationism propose?

    <p>The belief that 'God' made the Earth in a series of days that represent an amount of years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Intelligent Design?

    <p>The belief that an intelligent creator, not necessarily 'God', created Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Summarize the chapter on Evolutionary Biology.

    <ol> <li>Darwin's theory of evolution changed life sciences. 2. Evolution depends on common ancestry and natural selection. 3. Biologists infer causes through observation. 4. Artificial selection mirrors natural selection. 5. Understanding evolution aids in various fields. 6. All species form a tree of life. 7. Theory shapes evolutionary biology research.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Concepts in Evolutionary Biology

    • Antibiotic Resistance: A condition where bacteria survive exposure to antibiotics, resulting from natural selection, allowing microbes to reproduce in antibiotic environments.
    • Artificial Selection: Selective breeding process guided by humans to produce desired traits in organisms, fundamental to agriculture and domestication.
    • Chromosomal Sex Determination: A system where sex is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes present in an individual, seen in most mammals.
    • Comparative Anatomy: Examines anatomical similarities and differences across species, providing insight into evolutionary relationships and phylogeny.
    • Descent with Modification: Core principle of evolution describing the process through which species evolve and diversify over time.
    • Evolution: Defined broadly as change over time; in biology, it refers to descent with modification responsible for life's diversity.
    • Evolutionary Radiation: Rapid increase in species diversity or morphological variation due to adaptation or new ecological opportunities.
    • Extinction: The complete loss of a species, marking the end of its existence on Earth.
    • Fitness: Refers to reproductive success in relation to the average success within a population; a measure of an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
    • Gene Expression: The biological process through which genetic information leads to the synthesis of functional products, primarily proteins.
    • Major Transitions: Significant evolutionary events over 3.5 billion years, such as the emergence of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and the development of multicellular organisms.
    • Mating Systems: Defined patterns of reproductive pairing within populations, which include configurations like monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry.
    • Mutation: Any alteration in DNA sequence, which can lead to genetic diversity and evolution.
    • Natural Selection: A gradual evolutionary process where traits improving survival and reproduction become more common, rooted in variation and inheritance.
    • Neutral Mutations: Genetic changes that do not impact an organism's fitness, often having no observable effect on phenotype.
    • Phenotype: Observable traits of an organism resulting from the interaction of genetics and the environment.
    • Phylogenetic Diversity: The variety in the evolutionary history of a taxon, often quantified by the total branch length in a phylogenetic tree.
    • Phylogenetic Tree: Diagram representing evolutionary relationships among species, illustrating divergence and speciation.
    • Selective Breeding: Human-led breeding process to encourage the propagation of desired traits in plants and animals.
    • Sequence Divergence: The measure of differences between two DNA sequences, used to assess evolutionary distances.
    • Sex Ratio: The proportion of males to females in a population, which can influence reproductive strategies.
    • Speciation: The formation of new species from existing populations, often linked to changes in gene flow.
    • Sperm Competition: Competitive process among sperm for fertilization of eggs, influencing reproductive strategies in some species.

    Creationism Concepts

    • Creationism: The belief that a supernatural being created Earth and its life forms.
    • Types of Creationism:
      • Young-Creationism: Belief in a young Earth.
      • Gap-Creationism: Belief in creation across a series of days.
      • Day-age Creationism: Belief that creation days represent longer periods.
      • Intelligent Design: Suggests an intelligent force, not necessarily a deity, influenced Earth’s creation.

    Key Events and Theories

    • Scopes Trial: Landmark legal case in 1925 focusing on the teaching of evolution versus creationism in schools, highlighting societal tensions between science and religion.
    • Separation of Church and State: Ensured by the 4th Amendment, influencing educational content regarding evolution and creationism.
    • Darwin's Theory of Evolution: Proposes common ancestry of life and population changes over time via natural selection, revolutionizing biological sciences.
    • Applications of Evolutionary Understanding: Insights from evolution aid in addressing issues in medicine, conservation, and controlling resistance in pests and pathogens.
    • Tree of Life: Represents the extensive branching evolutionary relationships of all species that have existed, providing a framework for understanding biodiversity.

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