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Questions and Answers
What is the typical range of temperature variation in the marine environment, excluding specific extreme areas?
What is the typical range of temperature variation in the marine environment, excluding specific extreme areas?
Which region experiences the greatest seasonal variations of surface sea temperature?
Which region experiences the greatest seasonal variations of surface sea temperature?
What is the temperature range for deep ocean water below about 2000 m?
What is the temperature range for deep ocean water below about 2000 m?
Where is the coldest water found in the ocean?
Where is the coldest water found in the ocean?
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What defines a thermocline in the ocean?
What defines a thermocline in the ocean?
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What is the typical variation of surface temperature across inland seas?
What is the typical variation of surface temperature across inland seas?
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What is the usual temperature of bottom water in the Red Sea?
What is the usual temperature of bottom water in the Red Sea?
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What feature characterizes the region of submarine volcanism in the deep ocean?
What feature characterizes the region of submarine volcanism in the deep ocean?
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What defines the thermosphere layer in oceanography?
What defines the thermosphere layer in oceanography?
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In which region does a permanent thermocline occur year-round?
In which region does a permanent thermocline occur year-round?
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During which season does a temporary thermocline typically form in middle latitudes?
During which season does a temporary thermocline typically form in middle latitudes?
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What temperature range is typical for ocean water from surface to deep layers?
What temperature range is typical for ocean water from surface to deep layers?
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What happens to the thermocline in high latitudes?
What happens to the thermocline in high latitudes?
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How does freshwater from precipitation or melting ice affect ocean temperature profiles?
How does freshwater from precipitation or melting ice affect ocean temperature profiles?
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What impact do thermoclines have on pelagic species in oceans?
What impact do thermoclines have on pelagic species in oceans?
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What is the depth range where the thermocline typically occurs in ocean waters?
What is the depth range where the thermocline typically occurs in ocean waters?
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What advantage does seawater provide to fragile forms of life such as gelatinous plankton?
What advantage does seawater provide to fragile forms of life such as gelatinous plankton?
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What is a limiting factor for photosynthetic organisms in the ocean?
What is a limiting factor for photosynthetic organisms in the ocean?
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How do stable physical conditions in the ocean influence marine organisms?
How do stable physical conditions in the ocean influence marine organisms?
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What geographic gradient significantly affects physical conditions in the ocean?
What geographic gradient significantly affects physical conditions in the ocean?
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Which combination of factors makes it difficult to assess the role of each variable independently in marine species distribution?
Which combination of factors makes it difficult to assess the role of each variable independently in marine species distribution?
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What unique characteristic of the ocean provides a three-dimensional living space for marine organisms?
What unique characteristic of the ocean provides a three-dimensional living space for marine organisms?
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Which statement accurately describes the effects of seawater's density?
Which statement accurately describes the effects of seawater's density?
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What is a notable feature of the marine environment regarding physical conditions?
What is a notable feature of the marine environment regarding physical conditions?
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What is the minimum surface water temperature for warm-water populations to thrive?
What is the minimum surface water temperature for warm-water populations to thrive?
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Where are coral reefs most abundantly found?
Where are coral reefs most abundantly found?
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What characteristic defines the northern boundary of cold water in the Southern Ocean?
What characteristic defines the northern boundary of cold water in the Southern Ocean?
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What is the typical surface water temperature range for cold-water populations?
What is the typical surface water temperature range for cold-water populations?
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Which region experiences minimal seasonal temperature variation?
Which region experiences minimal seasonal temperature variation?
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What is the effect of the sharp temperature gradient at the Antarctic Convergence?
What is the effect of the sharp temperature gradient at the Antarctic Convergence?
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In which of the following areas are surface water temperatures likely to be highest?
In which of the following areas are surface water temperatures likely to be highest?
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Why are warm-water zones more extensive than coral reef zones?
Why are warm-water zones more extensive than coral reef zones?
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What primarily influences the distribution of marine species across the oceans?
What primarily influences the distribution of marine species across the oceans?
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How do temperature tolerances affect species distribution?
How do temperature tolerances affect species distribution?
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Which ocean temperature profile corresponds with seasonal changes in temperate latitudes?
Which ocean temperature profile corresponds with seasonal changes in temperate latitudes?
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What can happen when non-native species are introduced to a new ocean with a matching temperature regime?
What can happen when non-native species are introduced to a new ocean with a matching temperature regime?
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What is true about the temperature tolerances of marine species?
What is true about the temperature tolerances of marine species?
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Within what range do species typically find their distribution confined?
Within what range do species typically find their distribution confined?
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What do the generalised ocean temperature profiles illustrate about seasonal temperature changes?
What do the generalised ocean temperature profiles illustrate about seasonal temperature changes?
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What role does the depth of the ocean play in temperature profiles?
What role does the depth of the ocean play in temperature profiles?
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What evidence challenges the concept of cosmopolitan deep-sea species?
What evidence challenges the concept of cosmopolitan deep-sea species?
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Which of the following best describes the habitat distribution of abyssal species?
Which of the following best describes the habitat distribution of abyssal species?
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What role does water temperature play in the distribution of marine organisms?
What role does water temperature play in the distribution of marine organisms?
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Which deep-sea species is noted for its distribution across all five major ocean basins?
Which deep-sea species is noted for its distribution across all five major ocean basins?
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What is suggested as a potential factor controlling speciation in the deep ocean?
What is suggested as a potential factor controlling speciation in the deep ocean?
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What specific barrier is mentioned that restricts some abyssal species from crossing?
What specific barrier is mentioned that restricts some abyssal species from crossing?
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How do genetic differences among abyssal species manifest according to recent studies?
How do genetic differences among abyssal species manifest according to recent studies?
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What type of sampling is suggested for better understanding deep-sea species distribution?
What type of sampling is suggested for better understanding deep-sea species distribution?
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Study Notes
The Seawater Environment and Ecological Adaptations
- This chapter examines the physical and chemical properties of seawater and how they influence marine organisms' ecology.
- Seawater environment factors: temperature, composition, density, viscosity, pressure, illumination, and movements. These interplay to create specific environmental conditions affecting animals, plants, and other organisms.
- Seawater is easier to live in than freshwater or land. Early life likely arose in saltwater, due to its support for diverse life forms.
- Water provides support to gelatinous organisms like plankton, reducing the need for complex skeletal or protective structures.
- Light is a limiting factor in the ocean, except for surface and shallow water.
- Physical conditions are relatively constant over large distances. This allows wide distributions for many marine species but also precise environmental requirements for others, limiting their range to specific conditions.
- Two major gradients exist within the ocean: geographical (tropics to poles) and depth-wise (surface to seabed). These gradients influence factors like temperature, illumination, and salinity.
Topic Subtitle 2: Temperature
- Ocean surface temperatures (SSTs) vary geographically, highest near the equator (26°C-30°C) which can exceed 50°C in shallow regions like the Arabian Gulf during summer.
- In high latitudes, seawater freezes at -1.91°C at a salinity of 35%.
- Extreme temperature variations are in the ~30°C-35°C range excluding shore areas and specific hot vents, unlike the 150°C land temperature range.
- Middle latitude surface waters have seasonal temperature changes of ~10°C (e.g., ~7°C in winter, ~16°C in summer, off the southwest coast of the British Isles).
- Deep water (2000 m+) remains consistently cold (~-1.9°C to 4°C) in most cases.
- Exceptionally high-temperature anomalies, 56°C, are observed in some deep-sea locations such as in the Discovery and Atlantis II Deep.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the temperature variations of the marine environment, including deep ocean water and seasonal changes. This quiz covers concepts like thermoclines, submarine volcanism, and the temperature characteristics of various ocean regions.
