Ocean Issues and Human Impact

• The Pacific is the largest ocean.
• The Arctic is the shallowest ocean.
• The Southern Ocean is not bounded by land.
• Inland seas often have higher salinity than typical ocean water.
• Ocean acidity increases as atmospheric carbon dioxide increases.
• Oceans are changing due to sea ice melting, sea levels rising, warming, and becoming more acidic.
• The current global population is 7.8 billion people.
• Depleting a fishery too much may lead to its failure to recover.
• Aristotle stated, "That which is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it."
• Humans are impacting the oceans through sea level rise, loss of ice, acidification, and warming.
• A one meter sea level rise is expected to occur by 2100.
• The rise in global fishing since the 1900s does NOT show that fish stocks are improving.
• By-catch is the same as unintended catch.
• Fish farms use natural fish as food.
• Increased water temperatures primarily cause coral bleaching.
• Individuals can help ocean fisheries by changing their eating habits.
• Additives enhance the chemical and physical properties of a polymer.
• Diesel oil is a longer hydrocarbon chain than methane.
• Volcanic islands are not productive because they deflect warm surface water downward.
• The largest migration of life is the daily vertical migration from the deep ocean.
• Plastic harms marine life through entanglement, ingestion, and hormone mimicry.
• As plastic fragments decrease in size, they cause more chemical impacts.
• As the size of plastic particles decreases, the chemical toxicity increases.
• The height above the horizon can be used to infer latitude when navigating with the North Star.
• Oceanography is interdisciplinary.
• Eratosthenes was NOT the first to determine the depth of the Marianna Trench.
• Major technological advances associated with the Ming Dynasty: compass, large sailing ships, and a central rudder.
• Darwin's Beagle voyage was not the first purely scientific expedition.
• The Great Iron Catastrophe was caused by a very large impact, and caused iron and nickel to settle to the core.
• The Habitable Zone is where liquid water can occur in our solar system.
• The oxygen revolution was not a sudden loss of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.

Earth's Magnetic Field

• Requires a fluid iron-nickel core.
• Requires radioactive heating.
• Deflects solar winds.
• Allows Planet Earth to retain its water.
• The water that fill the oceans came from comets, rocks, minerals, and volcanoes.

Other Notes

• Azoic zone - no life.
• Dolly rope - bottom trawls.
• Microplastics are ingested, and have no nutritional value.
• Accurate time keeping is needed for longitude.
• Reverse Tribute refers to a Chinese Trade Method.
• Echo Sounder measures Water Depth.
• Nanoplastic can cross cell boundaries.
• Divergent plate boundaries are Spreading Centers.
• The crust has more aluminum and silica and less iron and nickel relative to the whole earth.
• The oldest rocks in the ocean are 170 million years old.
• Magnetic stripes record changes in the Earth's magnetic field.
• The Earth's magnetic field has allowed the planet to retain its water and atmosphere.
• The three types of plate boundaries are divergent, convergent, and transform.
• The asthenosphere is more "plastic" than the lithosphere.
• Transform faults offset ocean ridges.
• Radioactive decay causes Earth's interior to still be hot.
• Oceanic trenches occur at subduction zones, where "slab-pull" occurs.
• The thickest sediment in the ocean is NOT found closest to a mid ocean ridge.
• Convergent plate boundaries are subduction zones.
• Tsunami waves shorten (wavelength decreases), gets taller (height increases), and slows down as it goes ashore in shallow water.
• Rocky and gaseous planets exist due to solar winds sweeping lighter atoms away.
• Collapsing is not a type of 'killer wave'.
• Hot Spot is not a type of plate boundary.
• Stars do not make lighter elements from heavier ones.
• The volcanic eruption of Krakatoa created a killer wave following a landslide into the ocean.
• At subduction zones, earthquake focus becomes progressively deeper.
• Alfred Wegner's hypothesis of Continental Drift was initially rejected because he did not provide a viable mechanism, he was not a geologist, and some thought he wore funny hats.

More Notes

• Inner planets are rocky.
• Hot spots are stationary volcanoes.
• The lower mantle and core are mostly iron/nickel.
• The crust is mostly silicate mineral.
• Curie point is where lock-in magnetism occurs.
• The Asthenosphere is soft/plastic.
• Mid-ocean ridge is a feature at a divergent plate boundary.
• Lithosphere is ridged/brittle.
• Magnetic stripes are magnetic reversals.
• Island arcs are volcanoes at subduction zones.
• Outer planets are gaseous.
• Trench is a feature at a convergent plate boundary.
• The origin of the Bahamas Banks is calcium carbonate build-up over time.
• Chemosynthesis is the oxidation of sulfides.
• Passive continental margin features no subduction.
• A seamount in a tropical area is an atoll.
• Turbidites erode off-shore canyons.
• Mid-ocean ridge is a spreading center.
• Flat topped seamount is a guyot.
• Trenches trap sediment.
• Increased spreading rates cause sea level to rise.
• Glacial period causes sea level to fall.
• Active continental margin is narrow.
• Increased spreading rates can raise global sea level.
• Mud volcanoes in the ocean grow tall because there is nothing to erode them.
• Black smokers are hydrothermal vents near spreading centers.
• Monterrey Canyon is not a submarine trench formed by subduction.
• Numerous salt domes make the Continental Shelf in the Gulf of Mexico Poc-marked?
• Faster spreading rates do not cause a lowering of global sea level.
• Not all all seamounts are guyots, but not all guyots are seamounts.
• Abyssal Plains account for most of the area in the oceans.
• Abyssal hills, seamounts, guyots, and atolls were all originally volcanoes.
• Sea level was 130 meters lower during the last Ice Age.
• Narrow continental shelves do not occur at passive continental margins.
• Drilling into the center of an atoll will encounter volcanic rocks.
• Sulfides are discharged at hydrothermal vents.

Water

• Oceanic trenches occur at subduction zones, where "slab-pull" occurs.
• Water is a dipolar molecule, possessing a positive and a negative side.
• Water does not take heat during the phase change from vapor to liquid.
• Most of the ocean dust comes from adjacent land areas.
• Relative to similar molecules, water has a large liquid range.
• Pelagic sediment is not deposited in the coastal environment.
• The White Cliffs of Dover are not marine deposits of siliceous ooze.
• Very little carbonate ooze in the Pacific Ocean because the ocean bottom is not above the CCD.
• Condensation releases heat.
• IRD is the depth of Infra-red light penetration.
• Blue light penetrates the ocean more than red light.
• Dust from Africa can make it to the Americas.
• The largest reservoir of carbon on Earth is not fossil fuels; it's false.
• There is not much carbonate ooze in the Pacific Ocean because it is too shallow.
• The recreational beach is lost after hard-stabilization.
• Replenishment is expensive and doesn't last very long.
• Carbonate ooze is above the CCD.
• Low pH is acidic.
• Hydrogenous sediments are manganese nodules.
• Red light penetrates the least.
• Microtektites are cosmogenic sediment.
• Decreased water density is warm water.
• Lithogenic sediments are rocks and minerals.
• Biogenic sediment is ooze.
• Large liquid range allows for a stable environment.
• Evaporation takes heat.
• High pH is alkaline/basic.
• Increased water density is a result of more salt.
• Siliceous ooze is below the CCD.
• Blue light penetrates the most.
• Thick sediment accumulations are near continents.
• Methane hydrate is ice that burns.
• Dipolar refers to a molecule has a "charge".
• Condensation releases heat.
• I.R.D. is a glacier source.
• Thin sediment accumulations are in the deep ocean.