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Obstetrics Chapter on Episiotomy
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Obstetrics Chapter on Episiotomy

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of performing an episiotomy during childbirth?

  • To prevent lacerations and create wider space (correct)
  • To enhance the delivery speed of the baby
  • To maintain vaginal elasticity for future deliveries
  • To stimulate uterine contractions

    • Which type of episiotomy is considered to be better according to the content?

  • Lateral episiotomy
  • Transverse episiotomy
  • Midline episiotomy
  • Mediolateral episiotomy (correct)

    • When is the most appropriate time for a doctor to perform an episiotomy?

  • During the peak of uterine contraction (correct)
  • Right after the water breaks
  • Before the labor begins
  • Immediately following the birth of the baby

    • What natural phenomenon is noted to occur that aids in the episiotomy procedure?

    <p>Presence of natural anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is associated with total communication between the vaginal canal and the rectum?

    <p>Increased risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the shape and condition of the uterus change when a woman is not pregnant?

    <p>It remains empty and hollow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the perineum located in relation to other pelvic structures?

    <p>Between the urinary bladder and rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential condition may cause the uterus to be no longer hollow?

    <p>Endometriosis or myoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of HPL (Human Placental Lactogen) during pregnancy?

    <p>To enhance nutrient availability to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period is the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) typically ordered?

    <p>24th to 28th weeks of pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the decidua becomes the maternal portion of the placenta?

    <p>Decidua basalis/serotina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS)?

    <p>To remove a tissue sample for genetic screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of low glucose levels detected during an OGTT?

    <p>Intrauterine growth restriction or abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal change occurs on the 13th day of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Decrease in progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of LH from the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>LHRF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers ovulation according to the hormonal changes described?

    <p>High levels of LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the graafian follicle after ovulation?

    <p>It becomes the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by low levels of progesterone?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does progesterone have on the uterus after ovulation?

    <p>It prepares the uterine lining for implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which day of the menstrual cycle would a woman most likely experience a peak in progesterone levels?

    <p>Day 28</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal change initiates the release of progesterone from the ovaries?

    <p>Increased LH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is formed from the graafian follicle after it releases an egg?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary change in body temperature prior to ovulation?

    <p>A mild drop in body temperature followed by a significant increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization typically occur within the female reproductive system?

    <p>In the ampulla of the fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of an ovum once released from the ovary?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer surrounds the ovum and is composed of granulosa cells?

    <p>Corona Radiata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a part of the fallopian tube?

    <p>Follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most critical characteristic of sperm cells relevant to fertilization?

    <p>Their motility and viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cilia in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To move the ovum through the fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ovum after it is released from the ovary if not fertilized?

    <p>It travels to the uterus in approximately four days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition concerning male sperm production warrants further evaluation?

    <p>Producing less than 1.5 ml per ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the Zona Pellucida?

    <p>Glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is predominantly produced by the ovaries?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the ovaries is primarily responsible for the maturation of oocytes?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the fallopian tube is responsible for catching the released egg cell?

    <p>Fimbrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization typically occur within the female reproductive system?

    <p>Ampulla of the fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the optimal timing for a woman to undergo tubal ligation?

    <p>First day after the last menstrual period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure involves cutting the fallopian tube to achieve sterilization?

    <p>Pomeruy Procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the narrowest part of the fallopian tube called?

    <p>Isthmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During pregnancy, what is the role of the ovaries in hormone production?

    <p>They cease activity as the placenta takes over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the fallopian tube is typically referred to as the outermost third?

    <p>Infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cutting the fallopian tubes during sterilization?

    <p>Permanent inability to conceive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Episiotomy

    • Performed to widen the vaginal canal during childbirth and prevent lacerations.
    • Two types: midline (straight down) and mediolateral (angled).
    • Mediolateral preferred for lower risk of complications.

    Anatomy and Physiology

    • Female reproductive structures include:
      • Ovaries: Generate estrogen and progesterone, not active during pregnancy as the placenta takes over hormone production.
      • Fallopian tubes: Divided into three parts: ampulla (outer third; site of fertilization), isthmus (middle), interstitial (narrowest).
      • Fimbrae: Finger-like projections at the end of fallopian tubes guiding the egg after ovulation.

    Reproductive Cycle

    • Ovulation occurs approximately 14 days before the next menstrual cycle.
    • Fertilization typically happens in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.
    • An ovum lasts about 24 hours post-ovulation and travels to the uterus in roughly four days.

    Hormonal Regulation

    • Hormonal fluctuation during the menstrual cycle:
      • Low progesterone on the 13th day stimulates hypothalamus to release LHRF, leading to ovulation.
      • Peak progesterone levels on the 14th day trigger ovulation via the release of LH.

    Temperature and Ovulation

    • Body temperature drops just before ovulation and rises afterwards; monitoring helps in tracking fertile days.

    Sperm Viability and Characteristics

    • Normal sperm volume: 1.5 ml or approximately 1/3 teaspoon.
    • Types of sperm may affect fertility success.

    Pregnancy and Testing

    • HPL (Human Placental Lactogen) regulates maternal metabolism allowing adequate nutrients for the fetus.
    • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is performed between 24-28 weeks to screen for gestational diabetes.

    Decidua Layers

    • Decidua basalis/serotina: Forms part of the placenta attached to the myometrium.
    • Decidua capsularis: Surrounds the chorionic sac.
    • Decidua vera: Forms a mucus plug in the cervix.

    Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS)

    • A prenatal test involving the removal of tissue from the placenta to conduct genetic screening. Performed early in pregnancy.

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    Related Documents

    NCMA217 LEC PRELIM.pdf

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of episiotomy, including its purpose, types, and implications during childbirth. Learn about the anatomy involved, such as the perineum and the variations in weight during pregnancy. Test your knowledge on this critical topic in obstetric care.

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