Obstetrics and Gynecology Overview
50 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the expanded practice roles for nurses?

  • Standards of care
  • Prescription privileges
  • Financial planning (correct)
  • Diagnosis

    • What is the primary purpose of the Nurse Practice Act/Standards of Nursing care?

  • To establish the hierarchy within the nursing profession
  • To dictate specific nursing interventions
  • To guide research and development in nursing
  • To ensure the quality of care provided to the public (correct)

    • What is the legal basis for judging a nurse's actions in a particular case?

  • The nurse's personal beliefs and values
  • What a reasonably prudent nurse with similar experience would do (correct)
  • The specific instructions of the attending physician
  • The hospital's specific policies and procedures

    • Which of the following organizations helps define standards of care for nurses?

    <p>The American Nurses Association (ANA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Registered Nurse (RN) when obtaining informed consent?

    <p>To obtain a signature on the consent form (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the legal implication of a patient refusing treatment?

    <p>The patient is responsible for any negative consequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for obtaining consent for a pelvic exam?

    <p>Written consent is required (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best exemplifies a violation of a patient's right to privacy?

    <p>Discussing the patient's care with a friend in the breakroom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of faintness during pregnancy?

    <p>Postural hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for round ligament pain?

    <p>Heating pad and changing position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common skin change experienced during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased pigmentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended exercise regimen for pregnant women?

    <p>Maintain pre-pregnancy routine, avoiding high-impact activities after the first trimester. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to dental care during pregnancy?

    <p>Continue routine cleanings and treatments, using a lead apron for X-rays. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to travel during pregnancy?

    <p>Avoid prolonged trips after the 26th week of pregnancy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to work during pregnancy?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biggest risk associated with taking medications during pregnancy?

    <p>Possible adverse effects on the fetus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended treatment for edema during pregnancy?

    <p>Increase sodium intake. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Varicosities during pregnancy are primarily caused by:

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a potential symptom of hemorrhoids in pregnancy?

    <p>Itching and pain around the anus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended way to manage constipation during pregnancy?

    <p>Increase fluid intake and fiber in the diet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of backache in pregnancy?

    <p>Increased weight and hormonal changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leg cramps during pregnancy are most common in what situation?

    <p>At night or with foot extension. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can worsen varicosities during pregnancy?

    <p>Crossing your legs for long periods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a common cause of flatulence during pregnancy?

    <p>Decreased gastrointestinal motility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the trend in birth rates across different age groups in the United States?

    <p>Birth rates have declined across all age groups, with the sharpest decline in the 15-19 age group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the trend in infant mortality rates in the United States?

    <p>The infant mortality rate in the United States is higher than in most industrialized nations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three leading causes of maternal mortality that are deemed avoidable when resulting in death?

    <p>Preeclampsia, pulmonary embolism, and postpartum hemorrhage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to maternal mortality rates in the United States?

    <p>Declining rates of obesity among mothers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups has seen the most significant decline in birth rates?

    <p>White women. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of women who die each year from pregnancy-related complications?

    <p>250,000-343,000. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between fetal death and perinatal mortality?

    <p>Fetal death refers to the death of a fetus in utero, while perinatal mortality includes both fetal deaths and neonatal deaths. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the maternal mortality rate in the United States compare to that of other developed countries?

    <p>The maternal mortality rate in the United States is significantly higher than in other developed countries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the umbilical arteries in the fetal circulation?

    <p>Carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood bypasses the fetal lungs via the ductus arteriosus?

    <p>Most of the blood supply (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development do tissue differentiation into essential organs occur?

    <p>Embryotic stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the placenta in fetal development?

    <p>Provide nutrients and waste removal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blood flow from the placental veins to the fetal heart?

    <p>It travels via the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes fetal circulation in relation to the abdominal organs?

    <p>Less oxygenated blood is delivered to the lower body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of a typical pregnancy as defined in weeks?

    <p>40 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does placental circulation begin functioning?

    <p>By 17 days after fertilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pregnant woman is considered to be 'full term' when the gestational age falls between which weeks?

    <p>37-42 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way to determine a woman's due date?

    <p>Quickening (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a pregnancy where a woman is carrying more than two babies at one time?

    <p>Multip (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the time between labor and the birth of the baby and placenta?

    <p>Intrapartum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of cesarean section?

    <p>LTCS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the goal of maternal newborn (MNB) nursing care?

    <p>To create a safe and satisfying experience for the mother, her family, and baby (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the acronym TPAL, what does the letter 'L' represent?

    <p>Number of living children (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'viability' in relation to a newborn?

    <p>The ability of the newborn to survive outside the womb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a woman who has never been pregnant?

    <p>Nulligravida (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the meaning of pregnancy and birth within a family?

    <p>Hospital protocols (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Birth Rate

    Number of live births per 1000 people.

    Infant Mortality

    Number of deaths of infants under 1 year per 1000 live births.

    Neonatal Mortality

    Deaths of infants less than 28 days old per 1000 live births.

    Fetal Death

    Death of a fetus in utero at 20 weeks or more gestation.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Perinatal Mortality

    Combination of neonatal and fetal deaths per 1000 live births.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Maternal Mortality

    Number of deaths during pregnancy cycle per 100,000 live births.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Pregnancy-related Death

    Death related to or aggravated by pregnancy within one year post-pregnancy.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Trends in Infant Mortality Rate

    Leading causes include birth defects, preterm delivery, and maternal complications.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Nurse Practice Act

    Legal standards that outline the minimum criteria for nursing care.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Standards of Care (SOC)

    Guidelines defining the quality and competence expected in nursing and medicine.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Negligence

    Failure to meet appropriate standards of care, leading to allegations.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Informed Consent

    A process ensuring patients agree to procedures with understanding.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    RN as Witness

    Registered nurse verifies that a patient consents to treatment.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Emancipated Minors

    Pregnant teens who can give consent for their own treatment.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    HIPAA

    Regulation ensuring patients' privacy in healthcare.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Pelvic Exam Consent

    Requirement for written consent before conducting a pelvic exam.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dorsiflexion relief

    A method to relieve pain by flexing the foot towards the leg.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Faintness causes

    Caused by blood volume changes or postural hypotension.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

    Difficulty breathing due to pressure on the diaphragm from the uterus.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Round ligament pain

    Pain from the stretching of the round ligament during pregnancy.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

    Numbness and tingling in the hand due to median nerve compression.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Skin changes in pregnancy

    Changes like chloasma and pregnancy acne, often emotionally concerning.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Exercise guidelines in pregnancy

    Maintain pre-pregnancy exercise but avoid risky activities post-first trimester.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Travel during pregnancy

    Usually allowed, but avoid long trips after 26 weeks.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Obstetrics

    Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Gestation

    The period of development during pregnancy.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Gravida

    A term for a pregnant woman.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Nulligravida

    A woman who has never been pregnant.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Primigravida

    A woman who is pregnant for the first time.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Multigravida

    A woman who has been pregnant more than once.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Para (parity)

    Refers to a woman who has given birth after 20 weeks.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Stillbirth

    An infant born dead after 20 weeks of gestation.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    First trimester

    The period from conception to 14 weeks of pregnancy.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Postpartum

    The period after childbirth, typically up to 6 weeks.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Placenta cotyledons

    The placenta consists of 20 functional units called cotyledons for nutrient exchange.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Placental circulation

    Exchange of gases and nutrients between maternal and fetal blood occurs via the placenta.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Umbilical cord structure

    The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, carrying deoxygenated blood to the placenta and oxygenated blood to the fetus.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Fetal circulation bypasses

    Most blood in fetus bypasses the lungs and liver due to maternal oxygen supply.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Ductus venosus

    A vessel that allows blood to bypass the liver and enter the fetal inferior vena cava directly.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Foramen ovale

    An opening in the fetal heart allowing blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Fetal development timeline

    Pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks, divided into zygote, embryonic, and fetal stages.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cephalocaudal development

    Fetal circulation delivers more oxygen to the head and upper body, promoting growth from head to toe.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Edema

    Swelling due to poor venous return, common in hot weather or prolonged sitting.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Varicosities

    Weak veins or faulty valves causing swollen, twisted veins typically in legs.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Vulvar Varicosities

    Aching and heaviness from swollen veins in the vulvar area.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Hemorrhoids

    Varicosities in lower rectum and anus causing pain, itching, and bleeding.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Constipation

    Bowel sluggishness due to hormonal changes and diet, leading to hard stools.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Flatulence

    Gas buildup in the digestive system often linked to constipation.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Backache

    Pain in the lower back from an enlarging uterus and relaxed joints.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Leg Cramps

    Painful spasms in the gastrocnemius muscles, often occurring at night.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Obstetrics and Gynecology

    • Pregnancy: Gestational age is categorized as 20-37 weeks (preterm), 37-42 weeks (full term), and after 42 weeks (post term).
    • Gravida: Number of times a woman has been pregnant.
    • Para: Number of pregnancies that have resulted in a live birth after 20 weeks.
    • Nulligravida: Woman who has never been pregnant.
    • Primigravida: Woman pregnant for the first time.
    • Multigravida: Woman pregnant for the second time or more.
    • Nullipara: Woman who has not had a live birth after 20 weeks.
    • Primipara: Woman who has had one live birth after 20 weeks.
    • Multipara: Woman who has had two or more live births after 20 weeks.
    • Abortion (AB): Pregnancy loss before 20 weeks.
    • Antepartum (AP): Period of pregnancy before the onset of labor.
    • Intrapartum (IP): Period of time from onset of labor to the birth of the baby and placenta.
    • Stillbirth: Death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation.
    • Viability: Ability of a baby to survive outside of the uterus.
    • TPAL: A method of recording obstetric history (T=term pregnancies, P=preterm pregnancies, A=abortions, L=live births).
    • Gestational age (GA) or Estimated gestational age (EGA): The time elapsed during a pregnancy, typically calculated from the first day of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP).
    • Estimated date of confinement (EDC): Estimated date of delivery.
    • Estimated date of delivery (EDD): Estimated date of delivery.
    • Estimated date of birth (EDB): Estimated date of birth.

    Introductory Concepts

    • Goal of maternal newborn (MNB) nursing: To create a safe and satisfying experience for the mother and baby and her family.
    • STEEEP: Safe/timely/effective/equitable/patient-centered.
    • Family Involvement: Quality nursing care encompasses needs of all family members including grandparents, siblings.
    • Hospital settings: Labor and delivery suites/rooms exist for childbirth as it is a normal family event.
    • Advocate/Informed Consent: MNB nurses serve as advocates for all family members, providing information enabling informed medical decisions. Nurses ensure appropriate consent forms are signed.
    • Cultural Competence: Important to provide/implement patient care that is culturally aware and considers individual cultural/social backgrounds.
    • Nurse Practice Act: Defines the scope and limits of nursing practice, health maintenance, disease prevention and informs nurse practice (e.g., scope of practice).
    • Standards of care: Sets the minimum criteria expected of competent professionals; protects the public and assesses quality of care.
    • Legal Interpretation: Evaluation of actions made by nurses based on what is expected of nurses with appropriate qualifications/experience.
    • ANA/AWHONN/AMA/ACOG: National organizations offering reference points to appropriate standards of care.
    • Comprehensive Care: Comprehensive nursing care of women and infants is focused on individual/familial support and achievement of optimal health.
    • Shared Decision Making: The process of shared decision-making in patient care protects the patient's rights and autonomy.
    • Physician/Midwife: Consent for procedures and treatment is usually given by the physician/midwife, with nursing staff (e.g. RNs) witnessing the signature.

    Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

    • External Genitalia: Includes the vagina, used for passage of sperm, fetuses, and menstrual products.
    • Parts of the reproductive system: includes the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
    • Uterus: Hollow, muscular organ, pathway for sperm and fetus
    • Fallopian tubes: One on each side, site of fertilization.
    • Ovaries: Structures located on each side of the pelvis.
    • Ovarian Cycle: Follicular (mature follicle; FSH- anterior pituitary) and Luteal (ovum leaves follicle; LH, maturation; progesterone levels.)
    • Uterine Cycle: Menstrual, proliferative, secretory, and ischemic phases.
    • Hormones: FSH, LH, and estrogen. Estrogen, during cycle, develops breasts, body hair, and fat.
    • Menstrual Cycle: Cyclic bleeding in response to hormonal changes. Typical cycle is from 21-42 days. Phases include menstrual (shedding), proliferative (development), and secretory (occurs after ovulation).

    Conception and Fetal Development

    • Meiosis: Cell division producing gametes (sperm & ova).
    • Gametogenesis: Formation of gametes.
    • Mitosis: Cell division producing diploid daughter cells.
    • Fertilization: Fusion of sperm and ovum forming zygote.
    • Nidation (implantation): Zygote(fertilized ovum) implants in the uterine wall. Stage at which it is referred to as an embryo.
    • Cellular Differentiation: Cells divide and specialize into germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm), which eventually form all tissues and organs.

    Statistics in MNB Nursing

    • Birth rate: Number of live births per 1,000 persons.
    • Infant Mortality Rate: Number of infant deaths under one year of age per 1000 live births.
    • Neonatal Mortality Rate: Number of infant deaths under 28 days of age per 1000 live births.
    • Fetal Death Rate: Death of fetus during pregnancy(20 weeks or later gestation).
    • Trends in Infant Mortality: Factors associated with Infant Mortality include birth defects, preterm delivery, and maternal complications.
    • Maternal Mortality: Death of a woman from a pregnancy-related cause (or within one year of pregnancy ending if due to a pregnancy-related condition).
    • Racial Disparities: Significant racial disparities in infant and maternal mortality rates exist.

    Physical and Psychological Changes of Pregnancy

    • Uterus: Capacity grows from 10 mL to 5,000 mL.
    • Cervix: Softening (Goodell's sign), bluish discoloration (Chadwick's sign), softening of uterine isthmus (Hegar's sign) occurs due to the physiological and vascular changes involved in pregnancy.
    • Vagina: Increased vaginal discharge.
    • Breasts: Enlarged and increase in glandular tissue. Colostrum (first milk) is produced and secreted in later stages.
    • Respiratory system: Expansion of chest circumference, increase in nasal stuffiness are common.
    • Cardiovascular system: Increase in cardiac output, slight drop in blood pressure, edema, and varicosities.
    • Gastrointestinal system: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, and heartburn.
    • Urinary system: Increased frequency, dysuria, and constipation may occur.
    • Skin/Hair: Pigmentation, striae, and darkening of skin may be observed.
    • Musculoskeletal system: Joint relaxation and backaches.
    • Endocrine system: Thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands are involved in hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy.
    • Water/Nutrient: Increased water retention, elevated protein/carb intake. Physiological/emotional: Psychological challenges and support/guidance needed. Common discomforts/changes/coping methods discussed.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    NUR 346 Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts in obstetrics and gynecology, including pregnancy categorizations, terms related to gravidity and parity, and key definitions such as antepartum and intrapartum periods. Test your knowledge on critical terminology and classifications in women's reproductive health.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser