Obstetrics and Gynecology Overview

Obstetrics and Gynecology

• This presentation covers various aspects of obstetrics and gynecology, including reproductive anatomy and physiology, labor, childbirth kits, predelivery emergencies, and normal/abnormal deliveries.
• It also discusses gynecological emergencies, which occur in non-pregnant women.
• Key components of the childbirth delivery kit are surgical scissors, hemostats, umbilical tape/cord, bulb syringe, towels, gauze sponges, sterile gloves, a baby blanket, sanitary napkins, and a plastic bag.
• Predelivary emergencies detailed include miscarriage (spontaneous abortion), seizure during pregnancy, vaginal bleeding late in pregnancy, and trauma.
• Abnormal deliveries involve prolapsed cord, breech presentation, limb presentation, multiple births, meconium passage, and premature birth.
• Gynecological emergencies include vaginal bleeding, trauma to external genitalia, and sexual assault.

Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

• The uterus is the organ where a fetus develops.
• It's responsible for labor and the expulsion of the infant.
• The cervix is the neck of the uterus, containing a mucus plug that dilates to allow the fetus to pass through.
• The vagina forms the lower part of the birth canal.
• The perineum is the skin between the vagina and the anus, susceptible to tears during childbirth.
• The placenta is a fetal organ responsible for nutrient and waste exchange between the fetus and mother during pregnancy.
• The amniotic sac, containing fluid, surrounds the fetus in the uterus.

Labor

• Labor is the process by which babies are born and is generally divided into three stages.
• The first stage involves regular uterine contractions, cervical dilation, and potential bloody show.
• The second stage begins when the fetus enters the birth canal and ends with the baby's birth.
• Crowning is the visible bulging of the fetus' head or presenting part in the vagina, signaling imminent delivery.
• The third stage of labor involves delivering the placenta after the baby.

Predelivary Emergencies

• Miscarriage is an emergency requiring emergency medical care, size-up, initial assessment, and history and physical exam.
• During a seizure, the assessment, treatment and transport is based on signs and symptoms.
• Vaginal bleeding in late pregnancy necessitates emergency medical care, size-up, initial assessment, history and physical exam, and treatment based on signs and symptoms.
• Trauma during pregnancy and childbirth is handled with emergency medical care, size-up, initial assessment, history and physical exam, and treatment dependent on signs and symptoms.

Normal Deliveries

• The presentation details pre-delivery considerations, focused delivery history, precautions, delivery procedure, initial care of the newborn, and further instructions to follow.

Abnormal Deliveries

• Prolapsed cord, breech presentation, limb presentation, and multiple births are critical abnormal delivery situations.
• Meconium passage and premature birth are also abnormal delivery situations.

Gynecological Emergencies

• Gynecological emergencies, common in non-pregnant women, include vaginal bleeding, trauma to external genitalia, and sexual assault.
• Vaginal bleeding can have various causes (e.g., pain, no pain, some pain), and a thorough history is crucial (e.g., pregnancy status, blood color, pad count).
• Trauma to external genitalia needs to be treated as any other soft tissue injury, and the patient needs to be calmed and reassured.
• Sexual assault is treated like other injuries, while preserving evidence is paramount.