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Questions and Answers
Which of the following symptoms indicate obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
Which of the following symptoms indicate obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
- Repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety (correct)
- Inability to speak in certain situations
- Fear of social situations
- Difficulty separating from attachment figures
Obsessive thoughts in OCD are usually recognized by the patient as their own thoughts.
Obsessive thoughts in OCD are usually recognized by the patient as their own thoughts.
True (A)
What are compulsions primarily aimed at in obsessive-compulsive disorder?
What are compulsions primarily aimed at in obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Reducing anxiety or preventing dreaded events.
The compulsion of __________ involves repeatedly checking to prevent potential disasters.
The compulsion of __________ involves repeatedly checking to prevent potential disasters.
Match the following types of obsessions with their characteristics:
Match the following types of obsessions with their characteristics:
Which of the following is NOT a common compulsion in OCD?
Which of the following is NOT a common compulsion in OCD?
Compulsions in obsessive-compulsive disorder have a direct and logical connection to the events they are meant to prevent.
Compulsions in obsessive-compulsive disorder have a direct and logical connection to the events they are meant to prevent.
Describe the typical duration that obsessive-compulsive symptoms must persist to be considered a disorder.
Describe the typical duration that obsessive-compulsive symptoms must persist to be considered a disorder.
At what age does compulsive neurosis typically start in men?
At what age does compulsive neurosis typically start in men?
Body dysmorphic disorder involves noticeable flaws in appearance.
Body dysmorphic disorder involves noticeable flaws in appearance.
What is the primary psychological basis for the development of compulsive neurosis according to the psychodynamic model?
What is the primary psychological basis for the development of compulsive neurosis according to the psychodynamic model?
A person with olfactory reference disorder is preoccupied with the belief that they are emitting a perceived foul or offensive ________.
A person with olfactory reference disorder is preoccupied with the belief that they are emitting a perceived foul or offensive ________.
Match the following symptoms with the relevant disorders:
Match the following symptoms with the relevant disorders:
Which of the following is a defense mechanism used in compulsive neurosis?
Which of the following is a defense mechanism used in compulsive neurosis?
Men experience compulsive neurosis symptoms earlier than women.
Men experience compulsive neurosis symptoms earlier than women.
What is muscular dysmorphia?
What is muscular dysmorphia?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with hypochondriasis?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with hypochondriasis?
Hoarding disorder is characterized by a persistent need to throw away objects.
Hoarding disorder is characterized by a persistent need to throw away objects.
What is the primary concern of a person with separation anxiety disorder?
What is the primary concern of a person with separation anxiety disorder?
In scratching disorder, individuals often experience significant distress due to their __________ behavior.
In scratching disorder, individuals often experience significant distress due to their __________ behavior.
Match the following anxiety-related disorders with their key characteristics:
Match the following anxiety-related disorders with their key characteristics:
Which disorder is characterized by significant accumulation of objects and cluttered living spaces?
Which disorder is characterized by significant accumulation of objects and cluttered living spaces?
Stressors are stimuli that can cause a positive reaction known as eustress.
Stressors are stimuli that can cause a positive reaction known as eustress.
What is a common outcome for individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder?
What is a common outcome for individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder?
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Study Notes
Compulsive (Obsessive-Compulsive) Disorder
- Characterized by obsessions (recurrent, anxiety-inducing thoughts) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors).
- Symptoms must persist for at least two weeks and occupy at least one hour daily, significantly impacting daily life.
- Common obsessions include contamination fears, pathological doubt, somatic symptoms, and aggressive thoughts.
- Compulsions often include hand washing, checking, counting, cleaning, and arranging, aimed at reducing anxiety or preventing feared events.
- Patients typically recognize their symptoms as irrational and maintain insight into their disorder.
Types of Compulsions
- Restorative Compulsions: Actions taken to correct perceived problems (e.g., excessive washing).
- Preventive Compulsions: Behaviors aimed at preventing negative outcomes (e.g., checking for potential dangers).
Compulsive Disorder Overview
- Constant presence of intrusive and involuntary obsessions and compulsions, leading to significant distress.
- Symptoms consume a considerable amount of waking time and can involve rigid behavioral patterns.
Epidemiology
- Affects men and women equally, with differences in onset age: men (ages 11-18), women (ages 20-24 or post-childbirth).
Etiology
- Psychodynamic Factors: Issues such as regression and ambivalence toward parents contribute to development.
- Learning Theory: Symptoms emerge as avoidance behaviors reinforced by their anxiety-reducing effects.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Persistent preoccupation with perceived defects in appearance, which are often unnoticeable to others.
- Symptoms include increased concerns about appearance, repetitive behaviors related to appearance, and excessive self-comparison.
- Markers, such as muscular dysmorphia, showcase specific focus on body structure inadequacies.
Olfactory Reference Disorder
- Characterized by a preoccupation with the belief of emitting an offensive body odor, leading to social avoidance.
- Individuals often feel others are judging them based on this perceived odor.
Hypochondriasis
- Misinterpretation of physical sensations, leading to a deep conviction of having a serious illness despite contrary medical evidence.
- Individuals may exhibit persistent fears about significant illnesses localized to specific organs or systems.
Hoarding Disorder
- Diagnostic criteria include difficulty discarding items, significant emotional distress related to possessions, and clutter that disrupts living spaces.
- Symptoms lead to notable impairment in social and occupational functioning and cannot be attributed to other mental disorders.
Scratching Disorder
- Involves harmful, repetitive skin scratching, typically focused on the face, arms, and hands.
- Patients experience significant distress and unsuccessful attempts to reduce or stop the behavior.
Stress-Related Disorders Overview
- Require an identifiable stressor for diagnosis; not all exposed to stress develop the disorder.
- Stressor: A stimulus provoking an organism's response, which may result in negative distress or beneficial eustress.
- Trauma: Emotional response following a serious event or emotional shock, often leading to denial of the event.
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