Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does 'seeing' refer to in the context of observation in ELT?
What does 'seeing' refer to in the context of observation in ELT?
- Creative interpretation of teaching practices
- Objective and factual statements that are easy to verify (correct)
- Emotional insights regarding the learning environment
- Detailed and perceptive observations
Noticing involves capturing details that are often subjective and unverifiable.
Noticing involves capturing details that are often subjective and unverifiable.
False (B)
What is the risk associated with feedback based on imagining?
What is the risk associated with feedback based on imagining?
It can introduce bias.
Effective feedback in ELT combines seeing, noticing, and __________.
Effective feedback in ELT combines seeing, noticing, and __________.
Match the type of observation with its description:
Match the type of observation with its description:
What is one of the primary purposes of observing teachers?
What is one of the primary purposes of observing teachers?
Observational feedback is only beneficial for novice teachers.
Observational feedback is only beneficial for novice teachers.
What are administrators able to identify through systematic observation of teaching practices?
What are administrators able to identify through systematic observation of teaching practices?
Observations may focus on classroom management techniques, delivery of content, or integration of __________.
Observations may focus on classroom management techniques, delivery of content, or integration of __________.
Match the following purposes of observing teachers with their descriptions:
Match the following purposes of observing teachers with their descriptions:
Which of the following is an outcome of observing experienced teachers?
Which of the following is an outcome of observing experienced teachers?
Teacher assessments through observation help maintain high standards of teaching quality.
Teacher assessments through observation help maintain high standards of teaching quality.
What type of feedback do educators receive through classroom observations?
What type of feedback do educators receive through classroom observations?
What is the primary focus of effective classroom management in language learning?
What is the primary focus of effective classroom management in language learning?
Seeing, noticing, and imagining are all levels of observational skills used in teacher evaluation.
Seeing, noticing, and imagining are all levels of observational skills used in teacher evaluation.
What role does classroom layout play in effective language teaching?
What role does classroom layout play in effective language teaching?
Trainers assess the relevance, authenticity, and suitability of __________ for language learning.
Trainers assess the relevance, authenticity, and suitability of __________ for language learning.
Match the observational skill with its description:
Match the observational skill with its description:
What do trainers observe to understand classroom dynamics?
What do trainers observe to understand classroom dynamics?
Imagining is strictly based on observable facts without subjectivity.
Imagining is strictly based on observable facts without subjectivity.
List one strategy trainers assess to promote inclusive participation in the classroom.
List one strategy trainers assess to promote inclusive participation in the classroom.
The integration of __________ resources is essential for enhancing language input and engagement.
The integration of __________ resources is essential for enhancing language input and engagement.
Which aspect is NOT typically assessed by trainers during classroom observations?
Which aspect is NOT typically assessed by trainers during classroom observations?
Effective observations can provide targeted feedback for teachers.
Effective observations can provide targeted feedback for teachers.
How do trainers assess cultural sensitivity in the classroom?
How do trainers assess cultural sensitivity in the classroom?
The primary goal of observing teachers is to improve __________ and outcomes.
The primary goal of observing teachers is to improve __________ and outcomes.
Match the language skill with its corresponding focus area:
Match the language skill with its corresponding focus area:
What is one of the primary purposes of observation-based assessments in education?
What is one of the primary purposes of observation-based assessments in education?
Observational data is not useful in validating educational theories.
Observational data is not useful in validating educational theories.
What key areas should effective teacher training in English Language Teaching (ELT) focus on?
What key areas should effective teacher training in English Language Teaching (ELT) focus on?
Observational data can help identify effective teaching practices and highlight areas needing __________ within educational systems.
Observational data can help identify effective teaching practices and highlight areas needing __________ within educational systems.
Match the following areas of focus with their description in teacher training:
Match the following areas of focus with their description in teacher training:
How does observing learners contribute to effective teacher training?
How does observing learners contribute to effective teacher training?
All educational research exclusively relies on surveys and interviews to gather data.
All educational research exclusively relies on surveys and interviews to gather data.
What type of insights do observations provide in the context of teaching and learning?
What type of insights do observations provide in the context of teaching and learning?
During observations, trainers focus on instructional pacing, ________, and transitions between lesson stages.
During observations, trainers focus on instructional pacing, ________, and transitions between lesson stages.
Match the following observational focuses with their intended outcomes:
Match the following observational focuses with their intended outcomes:
In educational research, longitudinal studies based on continuous observations aim to uncover what?
In educational research, longitudinal studies based on continuous observations aim to uncover what?
Feedback from observations plays a negligible role in the professional growth of teachers.
Feedback from observations plays a negligible role in the professional growth of teachers.
Why is understanding learners' socio-cultural contexts important for teacher trainers?
Why is understanding learners' socio-cultural contexts important for teacher trainers?
Teachers are observed to assess the use of ___________ techniques to stimulate critical thinking.
Teachers are observed to assess the use of ___________ techniques to stimulate critical thinking.
Which of the following is NOT a focus of trainers during lesson observations?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of trainers during lesson observations?
What is a primary reason teacher trainers provide feedback?
What is a primary reason teacher trainers provide feedback?
Feedback is only useful for identifying weaknesses in teaching.
Feedback is only useful for identifying weaknesses in teaching.
What skill is enhanced when teachers receive feedback, enabling them to adapt strategies to various situations?
What skill is enhanced when teachers receive feedback, enabling them to adapt strategies to various situations?
Feedback helps address gaps in knowledge or skills, providing a roadmap for __________.
Feedback helps address gaps in knowledge or skills, providing a roadmap for __________.
Match the purpose of feedback with its description:
Match the purpose of feedback with its description:
What type of mindset does balanced feedback encourage in teachers?
What type of mindset does balanced feedback encourage in teachers?
What is the result of teachers learning to evaluate their performance objectively through feedback?
What is the result of teachers learning to evaluate their performance objectively through feedback?
Feedback from trainers is intended to limit teachers' adaptability to changing educational environments.
Feedback from trainers is intended to limit teachers' adaptability to changing educational environments.
What is the key difference between judgemental and exploratory language in feedback?
What is the key difference between judgemental and exploratory language in feedback?
Which of the following is a characteristic of judgemental feedback?
Which of the following is a characteristic of judgemental feedback?
The pre-observation meeting helps both the observer and observee understand the lesson's ______, ______, and potential ______.
The pre-observation meeting helps both the observer and observee understand the lesson's ______, ______, and potential ______.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of constructive feedback for teachers?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of constructive feedback for teachers?
Directive feedback encourages self-reflection among teachers.
Directive feedback encourages self-reflection among teachers.
What do accreditation bodies and certification programs often require as documented evidence?
What do accreditation bodies and certification programs often require as documented evidence?
__________ feedback involves providing clear, specific instructions to the teacher.
__________ feedback involves providing clear, specific instructions to the teacher.
Match the following feedback styles with their descriptions:
Match the following feedback styles with their descriptions:
What is one benefit of providing alternative feedback?
What is one benefit of providing alternative feedback?
Collaborative feedback is generally faster than directive feedback.
Collaborative feedback is generally faster than directive feedback.
What is the role of the observer in non-directive feedback?
What is the role of the observer in non-directive feedback?
Feedback should be framed _______ to motivate teachers without discouraging them.
Feedback should be framed _______ to motivate teachers without discouraging them.
What can be a drawback of directive feedback?
What can be a drawback of directive feedback?
All teachers prefer a collaborative feedback style.
All teachers prefer a collaborative feedback style.
What is a potential disadvantage of providing too many alternatives in feedback?
What is a potential disadvantage of providing too many alternatives in feedback?
The text references Gebhard's (1990) ideas to explore four primary feedback styles: directive, alternative, collaborative, and __________.
The text references Gebhard's (1990) ideas to explore four primary feedback styles: directive, alternative, collaborative, and __________.
What is the primary purpose of regulatory feedback?
What is the primary purpose of regulatory feedback?
The primary goal of providing feedback is to help teachers identify strengths, with a secondary goal to help identify areas for improvements.
The primary goal of providing feedback is to help teachers identify strengths, with a secondary goal to help identify areas for improvements.
Which of the following is NOT an example of judgemental feedback language?
Which of the following is NOT an example of judgemental feedback language?
Exploratory language in feedback encourages the observee to think critically and develop their own ideas.
Exploratory language in feedback encourages the observee to think critically and develop their own ideas.
What is the main difference between judgemental and exploratory feedback?
What is the main difference between judgemental and exploratory feedback?
The pre-observation meeting helps both the observer and the observee to have a ______ understanding of the lesson.
The pre-observation meeting helps both the observer and the observee to have a ______ understanding of the lesson.
What is the primary goal of effective feedback in teacher training?
What is the primary goal of effective feedback in teacher training?
Match the following feedback phrases with their type:
Match the following feedback phrases with their type:
Effective written feedback should always be positive and avoid mentioning any weaknesses.
Effective written feedback should always be positive and avoid mentioning any weaknesses.
What is one way to encourage observees to contribute more during feedback sessions?
What is one way to encourage observees to contribute more during feedback sessions?
Effective written feedback should be ______, meaning it should be clear and easy to understand.
Effective written feedback should be ______, meaning it should be clear and easy to understand.
Which of the following best describes the characteristics of effective written feedback?
Which of the following best describes the characteristics of effective written feedback?
The observer's colleague uses exploratory language to encourage the observee to take ownership of their teaching decisions.
The observer's colleague uses exploratory language to encourage the observee to take ownership of their teaching decisions.
Give one example of a judgemental feedback phrase and its corresponding exploratory alternative.
Give one example of a judgemental feedback phrase and its corresponding exploratory alternative.
The observer's colleague noticed that the teacher she observed spent a long time ______ vocabulary before the reading task.
The observer's colleague noticed that the teacher she observed spent a long time ______ vocabulary before the reading task.
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of effective written feedback?
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of effective written feedback?
The pre-observation meeting is a crucial step in the teacher observation process because it allows for alignment of expectations and a shared understanding of the lesson's objectives.
The pre-observation meeting is a crucial step in the teacher observation process because it allows for alignment of expectations and a shared understanding of the lesson's objectives.
What is an advantage of using exploratory language in feedback?
What is an advantage of using exploratory language in feedback?
What is the main advantage of using evidence-based feedback?
What is the main advantage of using evidence-based feedback?
Feedback should focus primarily on making judgments about the teacher’s performance.
Feedback should focus primarily on making judgments about the teacher’s performance.
What is one key characteristic of effective written feedback for teachers?
What is one key characteristic of effective written feedback for teachers?
Effective feedback includes ________ and challenges that prompt the observee to think critically about their teaching.
Effective feedback includes ________ and challenges that prompt the observee to think critically about their teaching.
Match the feedback characteristic with its description:
Match the feedback characteristic with its description:
Why is it important to maintain sensitivity and respect in feedback?
Why is it important to maintain sensitivity and respect in feedback?
Relevant feedback must be directly connected to the criteria being used during the observation.
Relevant feedback must be directly connected to the criteria being used during the observation.
What should the overall comments and action points reflect in effective feedback?
What should the overall comments and action points reflect in effective feedback?
Exploratory feedback helps teachers foster a ________ mindset, where they are encouraged to learn and improve.
Exploratory feedback helps teachers foster a ________ mindset, where they are encouraged to learn and improve.
Match the type of feedback with its benefits:
Match the type of feedback with its benefits:
What is a primary benefit of the pre-observation meeting?
What is a primary benefit of the pre-observation meeting?
Understanding the context of a lesson is not necessary for effective observation.
Understanding the context of a lesson is not necessary for effective observation.
What should be clearly defined to measure the success of a lesson?
What should be clearly defined to measure the success of a lesson?
The likelihood of encountering issues during observation can be mitigated by discussing __________ before the lesson.
The likelihood of encountering issues during observation can be mitigated by discussing __________ before the lesson.
Match the component of the pre-observation meeting with its description:
Match the component of the pre-observation meeting with its description:
Which approach may be more suited for novice teachers?
Which approach may be more suited for novice teachers?
Effective feedback discussions should generally be one-sided.
Effective feedback discussions should generally be one-sided.
What skill is crucial for observers during feedback sessions?
What skill is crucial for observers during feedback sessions?
The primary goal of feedback should remain __________.
The primary goal of feedback should remain __________.
Match the purpose of observing teachers with its description:
Match the purpose of observing teachers with its description:
Why is preparing for challenges essential during the observation process?
Why is preparing for challenges essential during the observation process?
Identifying potential problems can enhance the observation experience.
Identifying potential problems can enhance the observation experience.
What is a key consideration in effective observation?
What is a key consideration in effective observation?
Effective observations can provide targeted __________ for teachers.
Effective observations can provide targeted __________ for teachers.
Which of the following is NOT a suitable approach for all teachers?
Which of the following is NOT a suitable approach for all teachers?
It is unimportant for an observer to understand the students' previous experiences with subject matter.
It is unimportant for an observer to understand the students' previous experiences with subject matter.
Flashcards
Purpose of Teacher Observation
Purpose of Teacher Observation
To facilitate professional development and assess teaching effectiveness.
Professional Development
Professional Development
Structured training aimed at improving educators' skills and strategies.
Feedback from Observations
Feedback from Observations
Constructive insights provided to teachers after watching their classroom practices.
Novice Teachers
Novice Teachers
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Classroom Dynamics
Classroom Dynamics
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Assessment of Teacher Effectiveness
Assessment of Teacher Effectiveness
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Mentoring through Observation
Mentoring through Observation
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Teaching Competencies
Teaching Competencies
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Seeing
Seeing
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Noticing
Noticing
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Imagining
Imagining
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Effective Feedback
Effective Feedback
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Balancing Observations
Balancing Observations
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Timely feedback
Timely feedback
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Classroom management
Classroom management
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Proactive approaches
Proactive approaches
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Cultural sensitivity
Cultural sensitivity
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Authentic materials
Authentic materials
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Language proficiency levels
Language proficiency levels
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Error correction
Error correction
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Engagement
Engagement
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Observation skills
Observation skills
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Learning preferences
Learning preferences
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Peer interaction
Peer interaction
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Observation-based assessments
Observation-based assessments
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Evidence-based decision-making
Evidence-based decision-making
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Research methodology
Research methodology
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Teaching methodologies
Teaching methodologies
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Classroom interactions
Classroom interactions
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Student engagement patterns
Student engagement patterns
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Longitudinal studies
Longitudinal studies
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Feedback in teacher training
Feedback in teacher training
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Cultural backgrounds in learning
Cultural backgrounds in learning
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Language proficiency assessment
Language proficiency assessment
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Instructional delivery
Instructional delivery
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Task-based learning activities
Task-based learning activities
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Scaffolding techniques
Scaffolding techniques
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Questioning techniques
Questioning techniques
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Instructional technologies
Instructional technologies
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Self-Assessment
Self-Assessment
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Targeted Feedback
Targeted Feedback
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Generalizing from Experience
Generalizing from Experience
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Constructive Feedback
Constructive Feedback
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Professional Growth
Professional Growth
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Teaching Strategy Development
Teaching Strategy Development
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Continuous Improvement Culture
Continuous Improvement Culture
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Objective Evaluation
Objective Evaluation
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Evidence-Based Feedback
Evidence-Based Feedback
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Exploratory Tone
Exploratory Tone
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Importance of Clarity
Importance of Clarity
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Sensitivity in Feedback
Sensitivity in Feedback
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Thoughtful Questions
Thoughtful Questions
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Relevance to Criteria
Relevance to Criteria
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Consistency in Feedback
Consistency in Feedback
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Facilitating Discussion
Facilitating Discussion
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Fostering Growth Mindset
Fostering Growth Mindset
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Importance of Evidence
Importance of Evidence
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Regulatory Requirements
Regulatory Requirements
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Feedback Styles
Feedback Styles
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Directive Feedback
Directive Feedback
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Pros of Directive Feedback
Pros of Directive Feedback
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Cons of Directive Feedback
Cons of Directive Feedback
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Alternative Feedback
Alternative Feedback
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Pros of Alternative Feedback
Pros of Alternative Feedback
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Cons of Alternative Feedback
Cons of Alternative Feedback
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Collaborative Feedback
Collaborative Feedback
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Pros of Collaborative Feedback
Pros of Collaborative Feedback
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Cons of Collaborative Feedback
Cons of Collaborative Feedback
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Non-Directive Feedback
Non-Directive Feedback
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Continuous Improvement
Continuous Improvement
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Pre-Observation Meeting
Pre-Observation Meeting
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Judgmental Feedback
Judgmental Feedback
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Exploratory Language
Exploratory Language
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Post-Lesson Discussion
Post-Lesson Discussion
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Effective Feedback Characteristics
Effective Feedback Characteristics
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Observer's Role
Observer's Role
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Reflective Mindset
Reflective Mindset
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Constructive Feedback Examples
Constructive Feedback Examples
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Open Questions
Open Questions
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Effective Communication in Feedback
Effective Communication in Feedback
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Anticipating Challenges
Anticipating Challenges
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Focus on Context and Aims
Focus on Context and Aims
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Reflective Questions
Reflective Questions
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Professional Development through Observation
Professional Development through Observation
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Self-Analysis in Teaching
Self-Analysis in Teaching
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Empowering Teachers
Empowering Teachers
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Discussive Feedback
Discussive Feedback
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Context Understanding
Context Understanding
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Aims of the Lesson
Aims of the Lesson
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Identifying Possible Problems
Identifying Possible Problems
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Observer Preparation
Observer Preparation
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Teacher Development Through Reflection
Teacher Development Through Reflection
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Anticipating Student Behavior
Anticipating Student Behavior
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Focus of Observation
Focus of Observation
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Nuanced Understanding
Nuanced Understanding
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Feedback Discussion Outcomes
Feedback Discussion Outcomes
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Reflective Practice Culture
Reflective Practice Culture
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Study Notes
Observing Teachers: Purposes and Focus
- Observing teachers is crucial for professional growth, effectiveness assessment, and educational research. Feedback is a key part of this observation process.
Training and Development
- Observations provide constructive feedback, identify areas for improvement, and refine teaching strategies for all experience levels.
- Feedback focuses on classroom dynamics, student engagement, and instructional efficacy.
- Trainers tailor professional development to individual teacher needs.
- Observing experienced teachers helps novice teachers learn through modelling.
- Effective feedback in teacher training is essential for professional growth.
Assessment
- Formal assessments based on observations provide data on teaching competencies, curriculum alignment, and student learning outcomes.
- Assessments contribute to maintaining high teaching standards and accountability.
- Observations inform decisions about teacher recognition and support.
- Evidence from observations influences education policy and curriculum development.
- Feedback can be a formal assessment tool, meeting regulatory requirements.
Research
- Observations in research investigate teaching methodologies, classroom interactions, and the impact of interventions on learning outcomes.
- Observations offer rich, contextual insights, unlike surveys.
- Longitudinal studies from observations reveal trends, best practices, and areas needing improvement.
- Research contributes to high-quality educational programs, policies, and innovative teaching methods.
Observational Focus in Teacher Training (ELT)
The Learner
- Observing learners helps tailor instruction to diverse abilities, preferences, and needs (language proficiency, cultural background, etc).
- Observations focus on learner engagement, participation, and comprehension.
- Trainer assesses learners' language production (accuracy, fluency, pronunciation) to inform instructional planning.
- Understanding learners' socio-cultural contexts enhances inclusive support.
Language Learning
- Observing the process of language acquisition allows assessment of grammar, vocabulary, listening, and speaking proficiency.
- Trainers observe how effective materials and activities promote language learning.
- Observing how learners interact with language inputs (authentic texts, audiovisual resources) develops communicative competence.
- Language learning strategies (note-taking, collaboration, self-assessment) are assessed to improve independence.
The Lesson
- Observations assess lesson structure, coherence, and alignment with goals.
- Aspects of instruction assessed include sequencing, differentiation to meet diverse needs, pacing, clarity, and transitions. Feedback should be related to these elements.
- Observing the integration of language skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing), language systems, and instructional technology is crucial.
- Evaluating teaching methods (task-based learning, role-plays, simulations) enhances language practice and skill development.
Teaching Techniques
- Observing varied strategies (elicitation, modeling, guided practice, independent application) to promote learning.
- Observing differentiated instruction providing varied support and challenges based on learner proficiency.
- Observing teacher adaptation to learners' feedback and emerging needs, and use of questioning techniques to improve critical thinking.
- Assessing provision of timely and constructive feedback that reinforces learning objectives.
Classroom Management
- Observing strategies for positive classroom atmosphere, rapport building, managing transitions, maintaining discipline, and fostering collaboration.
- Trainer assesses teachers' ability to manage physical space, materials, and time.
- Observing proactive handling of disruptions, inclusivity, and cultural sensitivity is also key.
Materials and Resources
- Trainer observes how resources align with curriculum, learners' needs, and language proficiency.
- Authentic texts, visuals, digital tools, and supplementary materials are evaluated.
- Observing the adaptation of materials to support language skill and system mastery is vital for optimizing learner outcomes.
The Roles of Seeing, Noticing, and Imagining
- Seeing: Basic, factual observations of immediately visible details (e.g., teacher attire, classroom layout).
- Noticing: Perceiving subtle details, requiring heightened awareness (e.g., learner's handedness, teacher's use of space).
- Imagining: Interpreting and projecting beyond immediate observations to understand underlying emotions and motivations (e.g., inferring student boredom).
- Effective feedback integrates these three levels for comprehensive analysis.
Importance of Feedback in Teacher Training
- Feedback is crucial for teacher professional development, fostering continuous improvement & excellence.
- It helps develop self-assessment skills, leading to objective performance evaluation and informed decisions about teaching methods.
- Feedback helps identify areas needing further development & learning, providing a clear roadmap for professional development.
- Helps teachers generalize from experience, applying lessons from one situation to various contexts.
- Constructive feedback acknowledges strengths, emphasizes improvement areas, and boosts teacher morale.
- It's essential for meeting regulatory requirements & obtaining teaching qualifications.
Different Styles of Feedback in Teacher Training
- Feedback styles like directive, alternative, collaborative, and non-directive affect teacher development.
- Directive: Clear, specific instructions, but can limit self-reflection and suggest a single teaching method.
- Alternative: Offers multiple strategies, encouraging critical thinking, but can be overwhelming for inexperienced teachers.
- Collaborative: A partnership approach for exploring strategies, supporting a collegial atmosphere, thorough feedback.
- Non-Directive: Places emphasis on teacher self-analysis and reflection, empowering autonomy, fostering a growth mindset.
- The selection of a particular style depends on the individual teacher's needs, experience level, and the circumstances.
Importance of Pre-Observation Meetings
- The pre-observation meeting is essential for a productive observation.
- This meeting involves discussing context, aims, and potential problems.
- Discussing the context(student background, external factors etc) provides a deeper understanding of the teaching environment.
- Defining lesson aims helps focus the observation, measuring lesson success.
- Anticipating possible problems allows for contingency planning.
Judgemental or Exploratory Feedback
- Judgemental feedback (e.g., "You should have...") can create a monologue rather than a dialogue. It can also diminish the observee's confidence and willingness to contribute.
- Exploratory feedback (e.g., "I noticed... Why was that?") encourages open discussion, self-reflection, and enables the observee to actively participate.
Characteristics of Effective Written Feedback
- Effective written feedback includes specific examples from the lesson.
- Feedback should avoid being judgmental and instead should be exploratory.
- Feedback should be delivered with sensitivity and respect.
- Thoughtful questions help foster critical thinking in the observee.
- Feedback must be relevant to observation criteria.
- Consistency in overall comments and action points is crucial to provide clear guidance.
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