Object-Oriented Programming

A variable in Scala that can be reassigned to a different object, allowing modification of its value throughout the program.

A loop that executes a block of code repeatedly as long as a condition remains true. The condition is evaluated before each execution of the block.

A loop that executes a block of code once initially, then checks a condition after the first execution. It continues to execute the block as long as the condition remains true.

A loop that iterates over a sequence of elements, executing a block of code for each element in the sequence.

A data structure that stores a fixed-size collection of elements of the same type.

In Scala, you can initialize an array with specific values provided within the parentheses.

In Scala, you can create an empty array of a specific size and type, without specifying initial values.

This refers to objects in Scala that can be modified, allowing changes to their internal state.

Methods called when an object is created, initializing its attributes. They can have parameters to customize object creation.

Methods that release resources held by an object when it's no longer needed. Not explicitly implemented in Scala because the garbage collector handles resource management.

Data associated with an object. Declared as parameters in constructors or within the class code.

Functions that operate on an object's attributes.

Makes attributes and methods accessible only from within the class itself

Makes attributes and methods accessible within its class and its subclasses.

Validates requirements before an object is created using conditions. Ensures parameters meet expectations.

Ensures that parameters meet conditions.

An array is a data structure that stores a collection of elements of the same data type. In Scala, arrays are mutable, meaning their elements can be changed.

Accessing an element in an array is done using its index. Indexes start from 0, so the first element is at index 0, the second at index 1, and so on.

It's possible to change the value of an element in an array by assigning a new value to it at its corresponding index. Example: array(2) = -4 modifies the element at index 2 to -4.

The software crisis occurred in the mid-1960s due to the rapid growth of software complexity, making it difficult to manage and maintain. This led to a need for better software engineering practices.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) emerged as a solution to the software crisis, aiming to improve software development by modeling real-world entities as objects.

An object is a software entity that encapsulates both data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on that data. Objects represent real-world entities in a program.

The state of an object refers to the set of values of its attributes at a particular point in time. Think of it as a snapshot of the object's data.

Each object has a unique identity that distinguishes it from other objects. This identifier allows us to track and manipulate individual objects.

A singleton object in Scala is a special type of object that can only have one instance. This means that no matter how many times you try to create an instance of the object, you'll always get the same instance.

The object keyword is used in Scala to define a singleton object. It's similar to creating a class, but instead of creating multiple instances, you create a single, reusable object.

In the example provided, Maaax is the name of the singleton object. Scala uses a convention where object names start with a capital letter.

Singleton objects can have both attributes (variables) and methods (functions). These attributes and methods are part of the object itself and can be accessed through the object's name.

To make attributes accessible only within the object itself, you can use the private keyword in Scala. This prevents other parts of your program from directly modifying the object's internal state.

Accessor methods provide a way to retrieve the value of an attribute without modifying it. Mutator methods allow you to change the value of an attribute. This provides a structured and controlled way to interact with an object's data.

A class in Scala acts as a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the structure and behavior (attributes and methods) that objects of that class will have.

An object is an instance of a class. Each object created from a class is called an instance of that class.

A companion object is associated with a class and has a special relationship allowing it to access the class's private members.

A class that extends another class, inheriting its attributes and methods.

The class from which another class inherits.

A chain of classes where each subclass inherits from its parent superclass, forming a hierarchical structure.

A subclass can be treated as an instance of its superclass due to inheritance, enabling code reusability and flexibility.

A subclass can override methods from its superclass, providing specialized functionality.

The ability of different data types to be handled by the same code, thanks to inheritance.

A subclass may introduce additional attributes beyond those inherited from its superclass.