Questions and Answers
What does encapsulation in C++ refer to?
Which of the following statements about inheritance in C++ is incorrect?
What is the purpose of polymorphism in C++?
Which statement correctly describes dynamic memory allocation?
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What distinguishes std::shared_ptr from std::unique_ptr?
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What is a common cause of memory leaks in C++?
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Which of the following statements best describes the difference between stack and heap memory?
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What is a characteristic of abstract classes in C++?
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Study Notes
Object-oriented Programming in C++
-
Fundamentals:
- C++ is an extension of C that supports OOP principles.
- Key concepts include classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.
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Classes and Objects:
- Class: Blueprint for creating objects (e.g., defining attributes and methods).
- Object: Instance of a class containing data and behavior (methods).
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Encapsulation:
- Bundling of data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data.
- Access specifiers:
public,private,protected.
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Inheritance:
- Mechanism for creating a new class from an existing class.
- Promotes code reusability.
- Types: single, multiple, hierarchical, multilevel.
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Polymorphism:
- Ability to process objects differently based on their data type or class.
- Achieved through function overloading (compile-time) and virtual functions (runtime).
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Abstraction:
- Hiding complex implementation details and exposing only necessary parts.
- Achieved using abstract classes and interfaces.
Memory Management in C++
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Dynamic Memory Allocation:
- Managed through operators
new(for allocation) anddelete(for deallocation). - Example:
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int* ptr = new int; -
delete ptr;
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- Managed through operators
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Memory Leaks:
- Occur when allocated memory is not deallocated, leading to loss of available memory.
- Use tools like Valgrind to detect and prevent memory leaks.
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Smart Pointers:
- Automatic memory management to avoid manual deallocation.
- Types include:
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std::unique_ptr: Exclusive ownership. Automatically deallocated when out of scope. -
std::shared_ptr: Shared ownership. Reference counting for deallocation. -
std::weak_ptr: Non-owning reference to facilitate shared_ptr cycles.
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Stack vs. Heap:
- Stack: Automatically managed memory (local variables). Limited size, faster access.
- Heap: Manually managed memory (dynamic allocation). Larger size, slower access.
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Destructor:
- Special member function invoked when an object goes out of scope.
- Used to release resources and perform cleanup.
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Copy Constructor and Assignment Operator:
- Define behavior for copying objects.
- Necessary for managing resources (deep vs. shallow copy).
Object-oriented Programming in C++
- C++ enhances C by incorporating Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) principles.
- Core OOP concepts include classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.
Classes and Objects
- A Class serves as a blueprint for creating objects, specifying attributes and methods.
- An Object is an instance of a class, embodying data and behaviors associated with the class.
Encapsulation
- Encapsulation involves bundling data (attributes) with methods (functions) and restricting access using access specifiers:
public,private, andprotected.
Inheritance
- Inheritance allows the creation of new classes derived from existing ones, enhancing code reusability.
- Types of inheritance: single, multiple, hierarchical, and multilevel.
Polymorphism
- Polymorphism enables processing of objects in varied ways based on their data types or classes.
- Achieved via:
- Function Overloading: Same function name, different parameters (compile-time).
- Virtual Functions: Function behavior determined at runtime.
Abstraction
- Abstraction focuses on concealing complex implementation details while showcasing only necessary features.
- Implemented using abstract classes and interfaces.
Memory Management in C++
-
Dynamic Memory Allocation is handled using
newfor allocation anddeletefor deallocation. - Example allocation:
int* ptr = new int;followed bydelete ptr;for deallocation.
Memory Leaks
- Memory leaks happen when allocated memory isn't released back, resulting in reduced available memory.
- Tools such as Valgrind can help in detecting and preventing memory leaks.
Smart Pointers
- Smart pointers facilitate automatic memory management, eliminating the need for manual deallocation:
-
std::unique_ptr: Indicates exclusive ownership, auto-deletes when out of scope. -
std::shared_ptr: Denotes shared ownership, manages lifecycle through reference counting. -
std::weak_ptr: Represents a non-owning reference that helps prevent circular dependencies.
-
Stack vs. Heap
- Stack Memory: Automatically managed, for local variables, characterized by limited size and faster access times.
- Heap Memory: Manually controlled, used for dynamic allocations, with increased size but slower access.
Destructor
- A Destructor is a special member function that executes when an object leaves its scope, ensuring resource release and cleanup.
Copy Constructor and Assignment Operator
- Both are essential for defining the copying behavior of objects.
- Important for managing resources effectively and determining whether to perform deep or shallow copies.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental principles of Object-oriented Programming (OOP) using C++. Key topics include classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. Test your understanding of these concepts and their applications in C++.
