Object-Based Attention and Visual Neglect
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Questions and Answers

What effect does negative priming have on response time when a previously ignored object is named?

  • Response time is faster than usual.
  • Response time is slower than usual. (correct)
  • Response time is only affected if the object is repeated.
  • Response time remains unchanged.

    • According to the evidence for object-based attention, how does accuracy in reporting attributes differ?

  • More accurate when attributes are irrelevant.
  • More accurate regardless of object association.
  • More accurate when attributes are reported from different objects.
  • More accurate when attributes come from the same object. (correct)

    • What is a key characteristic of how attention seems to operate based on the findings presented?

  • Attention is focused only on color differences.
  • Attention can disregard objects within the same region. (correct)
  • Attention operates solely on regions of space.
  • Attention is divided evenly among all objects present.

    • What type of stimuli did Duncan (1984) use to investigate object-based attention?

    <p>Visual stimuli differing in four attributes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does negative priming suggest about the perception of ignored objects?

    <p>Ignored objects must have been perceived to have an effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functions are primarily processed by the ventral pathway?

    <p>Form and colour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neglect results from damage to the right parietal lobe?

    <p>Left visual field neglect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the reflexive and voluntary systems of attention is true?

    <p>The reflexive system orients to new stimuli while the voluntary system provides sustained focus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a cancellation test typically measure in relation to visual neglect?

    <p>Spatial awareness and attention allocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is disrupted when there is damage to the parietal lobe?

    <p>Where pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of object-based neglect as observed in the study by Behrmann and Tipper?

    <p>Neglect tracks markers toward the opposite visual field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to left visual field neglect, what implication does right parietal damage have on perception?

    <p>It causes a deficit in perceiving the left side of objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What experimental design did Behrmann and Tipper use to investigate object-based neglect?

    <p>Rotating a single object 180 degrees and testing target detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of IOR (Inhibition of Return) suggest about attention?

    <p>Attention is directed toward the cued object, regardless of its location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the findings in the study, what important distinction is made regarding neglect?

    <p>Neglect pertains more to the left side of objects than to left-space itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome is characterized by the inability to focus on individual objects and experiencing simultanagnosia?

    <p>Balint’s Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attention is primarily associated with the 'where' pathway in the brain?

    <p>Spatial attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon involves quicker response times at unselected locations due to prior attention being diverted elsewhere?

    <p>Inhibition of return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In object-based inhibition of return, what occurs when the display is rotated after an initial cue?

    <p>Slower reaction times at previously cued markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition leads to a reduced ability to perceive more than one object at a time?

    <p>Simultanagnosia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to the failure to recognize relevant stimuli due to competing stimuli in the visual field?

    <p>Invalid cuing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of markers allows for tracking of attention to new locations after an inhibitory cue?

    <p>Object markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with chronic underactivity in a damaged hemisphere?

    <p>Hemispatial neglect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between space-based and object-based theories of attention?

    <p>Space-based theories enhance processing in regions, while object-based theories enhance processing on specific objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which experimental finding suggests that attention is object-based rather than space-based?

    <p>Participants show good memory for attended objects despite their spatial overlap with unattended objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'visual neglect' refer to in the context of attention?

    <p>Failure to attend to stimuli on one side of space due to attentional deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do researchers consider visual neglect to be an attentional and not a visual deficit?

    <p>Because neurological assessments show no visual impairment in affected individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon of 'extinction' in relation to attention?

    <p>The failure to process one stimulus when two are presented simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does object-based inhibition of return suggest about attentional control?

    <p>Once attention is focused on an object, it is less likely to be reallocated to the same object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Behrmann and Tipper's findings, what is a key characteristic of neglect?

    <p>Neglect predominantly affects attended objects over spatial regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'inattentional amnesia' within the context of attention research?

    <p>The phenomenon where unattended stimuli are quickly forgotten.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Object-Based Attention

    • Attention is object-based, not space-based.
    • Objects occupy the same region of space.
    • Attention is directed to objects, not the space they occupy.
    • Rock and Gutman (1981) experiment:
      • Participants attended to one overlapping figure.
      • They had good memory for attended figures, but none for the unattended figures, despite sharing the same region of space.
    • Tipper (1985) experiment:
      • Participants ignored green-named figures, but RT to name red ones were slower if they had been ignored on the previous trial.
      • This negative priming effect suggests that the ignored shape must have been processed.
    • Duncan (1984) experiment:
      • Participants were more accurate when reporting attributes belonging to the same object, rather than different objects.
      • This supports the idea that attention operates on whole objects.
      • The stimuli were presented in the same region of space.

    Visual Neglect

    • Visual neglect is a deficit in processing spatial information.
    • Not blindness, but difficulty in making the left side of space accessible to conscious awareness.
    • Right parietal lobe damage causes left visual field neglect.
    • Visual neglect is an attentional deficit, not a visual one.
    • Cancellation test is a way to assess visual neglect.
    • The damaged hemisphere becomes chronically underactive and stimuli fail to activate it appropriately.
    • Visual neglect effects are strongest when there is activity in the other hemisphere.

    Balint’s Syndrome

    • Bilateral lesions in the parietal and/or occipital cortex cause Balint's syndrome.
    • Characterized by Simultanagnosia: the inability to focus on individual objects and to see more than one object at a time.
    • Balint's syndrome patients are prone to illusory conjunctions.

    Object-Based Inhibition of Return

    • Inhibition of return (IOR): slower reaction times to targets appearing at previously cued locations.
    • Object-based IOR: IOR tracks the cued marker to a new location, not confined to one region of space.
    • Tipper (1991) experiment:
      • Participants were presented with a peripheral cue, then the display rotated.
      • The marker moved to a new location.
      • Participants still had slower reaction times at the previously cued marker, even though it changed location.
      • This supports the idea that IOR is object-based, not space-based.

    Object-Based Neglect

    • Behrmann and Tipper (1994) experiment:
      • Participants with visual neglect were presented with a barbell stimulus, then a target was presented in a rotated version of the barbell.
      • The participants showed slower reaction times at the right side of the barbell.
      • This suggests that neglect is object-based.
      • The participants showed neglect of the left side of the object, not just the left side of space.
    • Distinction between space-based and object-based effects is possible.

    Attention: Key Points

    • Attention is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by processes like top-down and bottom-up systems.
    • Theory and experiments work in a complementary manner: experimental findings lead to new theories, and new theories guide further experiments.

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    Related Documents

    Attention: Object-Based Attention & Neuropsychology PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating concepts of object-based attention and visual neglect through key experiments by Rock, Gutman, Tipper, and Duncan. This quiz delves into how attention operates on objects rather than the space they occupy, as well as the implications of visual neglect in processing information. Test your understanding of these essential psychological principles!

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