Obesity Statistics and Disorder Overview

Excess body fat relative to lean tissue, a disorder defined by body fat stores, not muscle or other types of weight.

A measure of body weight relative to height, calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m^2).

A BMI greater than 30 is considered obese, while a BMI between 27 and 30 is categorized as overweight.

Historically, obesity was associated with wealth and privilege. However, in modern western societies, lower socioeconomic groups have a higher prevalence of obesity.

Obesity is becoming increasingly common in the United States and the world, with rates rising rapidly in children and adolescents.

A condition where a person has a very high body mass index (BMI), increasing the risk of serious health problems.

A condition where the body's ability to regulate blood sugar is impaired, often leading to high blood sugar levels.

A condition where blood pressure is higher than normal, putting extra strain on blood vessels and increasing the risk of heart disease.

A disorder characterized by abnormal levels of cholesterol and other fats in the blood, increasing the risk of heart disease.

A condition where the liver becomes inflamed and damaged due to excessive fat accumulation, often associated with obesity.

The pathway from the mouth to the rectum, where food is digested and nutrients are absorbed.

Accessory organs work in conjunction with the GI tract to aid in digestion and nutrient absorption.

The space inside the GI tract, where food is broken down and processed.

The ability of the body to perform aerobic work, effectively measured by exercise capacity on a treadmill.

The ability of the body to deliver oxygen to tissues, including factors like blood oxygenation and red blood cell count, and the capacity of tissues to effectively utilize oxygen.

A condition where individuals have increased risk of cardiovascular disease despite appearing lean due to low cardiorespiratory fitness.

Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness can reduce risk factors for diseases by positively influencing factors like blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and glucose regulation.

Fitness directly benefits the body by improving mitochondrial function, blood flow, and better overall organ health.

The primary factor determining the energy burned at rest is lean body mass, with muscle making up a significant portion of it. Exercise increases muscle mass, leading to higher resting calorie expenditure.

A cluster of at least 3 risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and insulin resistance.

Conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease are more common in individuals with overweight or obesity.

A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, secreted by the intestines in response to food intake.

Extendin-4 is a newly discovered protein that mimics the effects of GLP-1, promoting insulin release and lowering blood sugar.

The 'intestinal brake' refers to the mechanism by which nutrients entering the small intestine trigger the release of GLP-1, slowing down food intake and promoting insulin release.

The amount of weight loss observed from GLP-1 treatment is significant because it targets both appetite control and insulin sensitivity.

GLP-1 improves clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes, reducing cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, and kidney failure.

Individuals with obesity, insulin resistance, increased fasting triglycerides, or who are post-menopausal are more sensitive to the effects of carbohydrate intake.

High fructose intake is particularly detrimental to health, exacerbating the negative effects of carbohydrates.

Fiber and whole foods help moderate the negative effects of carbohydrates, promoting metabolic health.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions within cells. They work by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, which allows it to proceed at a faster rate.

Transport proteins act as carriers, facilitating the movement of substances across cell membranes. Each protein has a specific binding site for a particular molecule, allowing selective transport.

Antibodies are specialized proteins that defend the body against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and toxins. They bind to antigens, the markers on foreign substances, and trigger their destruction.

Contractile proteins are essential components of muscle tissue. They slide past each other, generating force and enabling muscle contraction for movement.

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands. They are released into the bloodstream and travel to target cells with specific receptors, triggering a response to regulate various bodily functions.

Proteins play a crucial role in maintaining fluid and acid-base balance within the body. They help regulate the distribution of water in different compartments and buffer against pH changes.

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a range of conditions caused by a deficiency in protein, energy, or a combination of both. This can lead to various symptoms, including stunted growth, muscle wasting, and immune deficiencies.

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein is 0.8 g/kg per day for adults. However, individual needs may vary depending on factors like age, activity level, and health status.

The process of converting pepsinogen into the active digestive enzyme pepsin. This occurs when pepsinogen mixes with hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach.

The breaking down of food substances into smaller components that can be absorbed by the body.

The movement of food through the digestive tract, propelled by muscular contractions.

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the digestive tract.

Circular muscle contractions that chop and mix food in the digestive tract.

Enzymes produced in the pancreas that are stored in inactive granules. These enzymes are activated in the small intestine to break down dietary fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

The activation of trypsinogen into the active enzyme trypsin by enteropeptidase in the small intestine.

A type of carbohydrate that contains multiple sugar units linked together in long chains. Examples include glycogen, starch, and fiber.

The storage form of glucose in animals, primarily found in the liver and muscles. Increases after a meal and is depleted during fasting.

The process of breaking down sugar molecules into smaller units, typically by adding water. This is how the body digests carbohydrates.

The process of linking two sugar molecules together by removing a water molecule. This is how the body builds complex carbohydrates.

A type of carbohydrate that cannot be digested by human enzymes but plays a crucial role in digestive health. Examples include cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.

A type of fiber that dissolves in water and forms a gel-like substance in the digestive tract. Good sources include legumes, oats, and apples.

A type of fiber that does not dissolve in water and adds bulk to stool. Good sources include wheat bran, vegetables, and nuts.

The enzyme present in saliva that breaks down starch into shorter polysaccharides. It is inactivated in the stomach by acidic conditions