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Questions and Answers
What is the BMI threshold for obesity?
What is the BMI threshold for obesity?
Obesity is more prevalent in higher socio-economic groups in developed countries.
Obesity is more prevalent in higher socio-economic groups in developed countries.
False
What are two serious disorders highly related to obesity?
What are two serious disorders highly related to obesity?
Cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus
A BMI greater than _____ is classified as overweight.
A BMI greater than _____ is classified as overweight.
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Match the following groups with their demographic trends in obesity prevalence:
Match the following groups with their demographic trends in obesity prevalence:
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Which of the following conditions is not commonly related to obesity?
Which of the following conditions is not commonly related to obesity?
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The primary function of the GI tract is nutrient absorption through the lumen.
The primary function of the GI tract is nutrient absorption through the lumen.
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Name one vitamin that was supplemented to prevent rickets.
Name one vitamin that was supplemented to prevent rickets.
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The fortification of bread with __________ ended the pellagra epidemic.
The fortification of bread with __________ ended the pellagra epidemic.
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What role do salivary glands play in the digestive process?
What role do salivary glands play in the digestive process?
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Match the nutrient deficiency with the disease it causes:
Match the nutrient deficiency with the disease it causes:
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Identify one accessory organ involved in digestion.
Identify one accessory organ involved in digestion.
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The vagus nerve is involved in controlling organs such as the stomach and colon.
The vagus nerve is involved in controlling organs such as the stomach and colon.
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Which factor is considered a primary determinant of Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)?
Which factor is considered a primary determinant of Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)?
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Skinny fit individuals have a lower cardiovascular disease mortality risk compared to obese fit individuals.
Skinny fit individuals have a lower cardiovascular disease mortality risk compared to obese fit individuals.
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What is one secondary effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on health?
What is one secondary effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on health?
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Obesity is associated with an increased risk of _____ disease and stroke.
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of _____ disease and stroke.
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What is considered a combination of multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
What is considered a combination of multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
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Match the diseases associated with overweight/obesity to their categories:
Match the diseases associated with overweight/obesity to their categories:
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Lean tissue does not help in increasing metabolic rate after exercise.
Lean tissue does not help in increasing metabolic rate after exercise.
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Name a common disease associated with obesity.
Name a common disease associated with obesity.
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What is the primary effect of extendin-4 reported in animals?
What is the primary effect of extendin-4 reported in animals?
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Extendin-4 is easily broken down by enzymes in the body.
Extendin-4 is easily broken down by enzymes in the body.
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What animal is known for having a unique GLP-1 in its saliva that was developed into a diabetes drug?
What animal is known for having a unique GLP-1 in its saliva that was developed into a diabetes drug?
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GLP-1 treatments have been associated with significant weight loss due to their role in signaling ______.
GLP-1 treatments have been associated with significant weight loss due to their role in signaling ______.
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Match the following effects with their outcomes related to GLP-1:
Match the following effects with their outcomes related to GLP-1:
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Which macronutrient alteration is indicated to affect triglyceride levels significantly?
Which macronutrient alteration is indicated to affect triglyceride levels significantly?
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Sensitive individuals to certain dietary factors may include those who are obese.
Sensitive individuals to certain dietary factors may include those who are obese.
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What dietary factor is particularly noted as worsening triglyceride levels?
What dietary factor is particularly noted as worsening triglyceride levels?
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What percentage of energy from protein is considered acceptable for adults according to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)?
What percentage of energy from protein is considered acceptable for adults according to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)?
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Kwashiorkor is characterized by energy deficiency, while Marasmus is the result of protein deficiency.
Kwashiorkor is characterized by energy deficiency, while Marasmus is the result of protein deficiency.
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What is the minimum daily protein requirement recommended for adults in grams per kilogram of body weight?
What is the minimum daily protein requirement recommended for adults in grams per kilogram of body weight?
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____ proteins help muscles move.
____ proteins help muscles move.
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Match the following types of protein deficiencies to their descriptions:
Match the following types of protein deficiencies to their descriptions:
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Which of the following foods is a good source of protein in a vegan diet?
Which of the following foods is a good source of protein in a vegan diet?
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Regular aerobic exercise has no impact on protein requirements for athletes.
Regular aerobic exercise has no impact on protein requirements for athletes.
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What is the percentage increase in protein synthesis when consuming 15 grams of essential amino acids?
What is the percentage increase in protein synthesis when consuming 15 grams of essential amino acids?
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Which hormone is not considered an incretin?
Which hormone is not considered an incretin?
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Alcohol absorbs very easily in the stomach.
Alcohol absorbs very easily in the stomach.
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What is the basic unit of carbohydrate?
What is the basic unit of carbohydrate?
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Sweet tastes often indicate __________ food.
Sweet tastes often indicate __________ food.
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Match the following types of dietary fibers with their characteristics:
Match the following types of dietary fibers with their characteristics:
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Which of the following enzymes is activated by enteropeptidase?
Which of the following enzymes is activated by enteropeptidase?
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Fiber can be broken down and absorbed by human digestive enzymes.
Fiber can be broken down and absorbed by human digestive enzymes.
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What is the primary fuel source for the central nervous system?
What is the primary fuel source for the central nervous system?
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__________ are formed when starch is digested in the digestive tract.
__________ are formed when starch is digested in the digestive tract.
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Match carbohydrates with their types:
Match carbohydrates with their types:
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Which type of carbohydrate provides the most calories per gram?
Which type of carbohydrate provides the most calories per gram?
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Lactose intolerance is caused by an excess of lactase enzyme.
Lactose intolerance is caused by an excess of lactase enzyme.
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What are the two types of macronutrients that provide energy?
What are the two types of macronutrients that provide energy?
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___ refers to how quickly blood glucose levels rise after consuming carbohydrates.
___ refers to how quickly blood glucose levels rise after consuming carbohydrates.
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High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is associated with which health issue?
High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is associated with which health issue?
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Study Notes
Obesity Statistics
- Obesity is increasing in the US and globally, rising from 15% (1976-80) to 33% of US adults now.
- Obesity is linked to a range of serious health issues, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver disease, and several other disorders.
- It's a major cause of death worldwide and is correlated with an increased risk of death.
Obesity as a Disorder
- Obesity is a disorder of body fat, characterized by excess body fat relative to lean tissue.
- It is commonly diagnosed using BMI (body mass index).
- BMI measures body weight relative to height (kg/m2).
- Values above 30 indicate obesity, while values above 27 indicate overweight.
- BMI is not a perfect measure as it doesn't account for muscle mass or other body compostion factors; it is a convenient tool
Demographics of Obesity
- Obesity prevalence is higher in lower socio-economic groups in Western, developed countries compared to poorer populations in the same areas.
- Historically and iconically, obesity has been associated with wealthier populations, but this pattern has increasingly reversed.
- Minority groups in the US exhibit high rates of obesity.
- Prevalence is significantly increasing in young people in developing countries (including parts of Asia, South America, urban Africa, and Central Europe).
Diseases Related to Obesity
- Obesity is strongly linked with a variety of serious health issues, including several types of cancer, high blood pressure, and sleep/breathing disorders.
- Other disorders, such as diabetes mellitus (type 2), gallbladder disease, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease (including stroke and liver disease), reproductive dysfunction, PCOS, and depression, are associated with obesity.
- Certain cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, can also be linked to obesity.
Historical Nutritional Interventions
- Pellagra: Fortified niacin in bread effectively ended the epidemic.
- Rickets: Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced the prevalence.
- Iodine deficiency: Iodine in salt, and supplementation eradicated cretinism;
- Beriberi: Thiamine deficiency (from polished rice) was addressed by food fortification and supplementation.
- Scurvy: Vitamin C supplementation prevented severe scurvy,
- Anemia: Iron and folic acid administration reduced high prevalence in healthy women of child-bearing age.
- Pernicious anemia: Monthly vitamin B12 shots effectively treated this condition.
Other Digestive Functions
- The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) functions as a gatekeeper for nutrients absorbed by the body.
- It also acts as a barrier for immune defence, handling fluid and electrolytes.
- Bioactive peptides, including hormones and neurotransmitters, are synthesized and secreted or produced.
- Nutrient sensing plays a critical role in the process.
Digestive Phases
- Cephalic phase: preparing for food intake through smell, sight, taste, or thought.
- Gastric phase: food entering the stomach.
- Intestinal phase: stomach contents entering the small intestine.
Food Energy
- Food contains macronutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins.
- Carbohydrates and protein provide approximate 4kcal per gram.
- Fats provide approximately 9kcals per gram.
- The macronutrient composition varies by food type.
###Whole Grains vs Refined Grains
- Whole grains contain all the nutrients from the grain while refined grains lack essential nutritive components removed during processing.
- Refinement leads to removal of vitamins, minerals, etc.
Macronutrients (General)
- Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the nervous system.
- High fructose corn syrup is associated with increased obesity rates despite not storing fat.
Types of Carbohydrates
- Simple carbohydrates: include single sugar units (monosaccharides, ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose) and double sugar units (disaccharides, ex. sucrose, lactose, and maltose).
- Complex carbohydrates: include polysaccharides (ex. glycogen, starch, and fiber).
Glucose and Glycogen
- Glucose is the primary circulating sugar serving as a constant fuel source.
- Glycogen is a storage form of glucose primarily located in the liver and muscles that can be broken down later as needed.
- There are two chemical reactions that can build or break down sugar molecules - hydrolysis and dehydration.
Dietary Fiber
- Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that cannot be digested by the human body
- Soluble fiber : Legumes, prunes, apricots, raisins, oranges, bananas, oats, apples, eggplant, flaxseed
- Insoluble fiber: wheat bran, whole-wheat bread, broccoli, corn, eggplant, apple skins, nuts and seeds
- Fiber functions as a bulk element and can support digestive processes or help with absorption.
Protein
- Proteins are essential building blocks for many bodily functions as well as serving as an energy source to the body.
- Consists of amino acids.
- Essential amino acids must be ingested through the daily diet.
- Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body and therefore don't need to be consumed.
- Proteins have different shapes, and shape determines function.
- Proteins help form tissue and have functions such as transporting substances throughout the body and assisting in hormone regulation.
Insulin Resistance
- Type 1 diabetes: a condition where the body does not produce insulin.
- Type 2 diabetes: an insulin resistant condition whereby the body does not properly utilize insulin.
- Gestational diabetes: a condition occurring during pregnancy that typically resolves after birth.
Cardiovascular Disease (General)
- Dietary cholesterol has a modest effect on blood cholesterol levels compared to other risk factors.
- Fat must be packaged in lipoproteins for use within the body.
- The different lipoproteins have different functions such as delivering fat to different parts of the body.
- Different lipoprotein quantities are associated with different degrees of risk.
Glycosylation
- High blood glucose can correlate with the process of glycosylation, meaning glucose is attached to proteins,
- This glycosylation can impair proper protein function and can result in complications.
Other topics covered
- Obesity and induced obesity.
- High carbohydrate diets.
- Weight loss effects of interventions.
- Body composition: Fat and fat distribution.
- General overview on the digestive and cardio-vascular systems.
###Other relevant concepts
- Implications of dynamic energy balance.
- Health considerations in regards to fitness and obesity.
- Practical aspects for treatment (e.g. medications, incretin effect and weight loss.)
- Diseases associated with excess weight.
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Description
This quiz explores the increasing prevalence of obesity in the US and globally, highlighting its serious health implications. It covers the definition of obesity as a disorder, the use of BMI for diagnosis, and the demographic factors influencing obesity rates. Test your knowledge on this critical public health issue.
