Obesity Statistics and Disorder Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the BMI threshold for obesity?

  • BMI > 30 (correct)
  • BMI > 27
  • BMI > 35
  • BMI > 25

    • Obesity is more prevalent in higher socio-economic groups in developed countries.

    False

    What are two serious disorders highly related to obesity?

    Cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus

    A BMI greater than _____ is classified as overweight.

    <p>27</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their demographic trends in obesity prevalence:

    <p>Lower socio-economic groups = Higher incidence of obesity Minority groups in the US = Over 70% prevalence Young people = Tremendous increase in prevalence Less developed countries = Accelerating increase in obesity rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is not commonly related to obesity?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the GI tract is nutrient absorption through the lumen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one vitamin that was supplemented to prevent rickets.

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fortification of bread with __________ ended the pellagra epidemic.

    <p>Niacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do salivary glands play in the digestive process?

    <p>They aid in lubricating and initiating starch breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nutrient deficiency with the disease it causes:

    <p>Niacin = Pellagra Thiamine = Beriberi Vitamin C = Scurvy Folate = Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one accessory organ involved in digestion.

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vagus nerve is involved in controlling organs such as the stomach and colon.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered a primary determinant of Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)?

    <p>Lean body mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Skinny fit individuals have a lower cardiovascular disease mortality risk compared to obese fit individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one secondary effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on health?

    <p>Alteration of risk factors for disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obesity is associated with an increased risk of _____ disease and stroke.

    <p>cardiovascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a combination of multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Metabolic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the diseases associated with overweight/obesity to their categories:

    <p>Diabetes mellitus = Metabolic disorder High BP = Cardiovascular condition Osteoarthritis = Musculoskeletal disorder Depression = Mental health disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lean tissue does not help in increasing metabolic rate after exercise.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a common disease associated with obesity.

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of extendin-4 reported in animals?

    <p>Lowering blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extendin-4 is easily broken down by enzymes in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What animal is known for having a unique GLP-1 in its saliva that was developed into a diabetes drug?

    <p>Gila monster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GLP-1 treatments have been associated with significant weight loss due to their role in signaling ______.

    <p>satiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with their outcomes related to GLP-1:

    <p>Reduces CV deaths = 15-20% reduction Improves kidney events = Major kidney disease events Increases insulin secretion = Lowers blood glucose Promotes weight loss = Reduces food intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macronutrient alteration is indicated to affect triglyceride levels significantly?

    <p>Change in carbohydrate composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensitive individuals to certain dietary factors may include those who are obese.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary factor is particularly noted as worsening triglyceride levels?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of energy from protein is considered acceptable for adults according to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)?

    <p>10 to 35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kwashiorkor is characterized by energy deficiency, while Marasmus is the result of protein deficiency.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum daily protein requirement recommended for adults in grams per kilogram of body weight?

    <p>0.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ proteins help muscles move.

    <p>Contractile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of protein deficiencies to their descriptions:

    <p>Kwashiorkor = Pure protein deficiency Marasmus = Energy and protein deficiency Protein energy malnutrition = Range of protein deficiency conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is a good source of protein in a vegan diet?

    <p>Rice and Beans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular aerobic exercise has no impact on protein requirements for athletes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage increase in protein synthesis when consuming 15 grams of essential amino acids?

    <p>80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is not considered an incretin?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol absorbs very easily in the stomach.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of carbohydrate?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sweet tastes often indicate __________ food.

    <p>energy rich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of dietary fibers with their characteristics:

    <p>Soluble Fiber = Dissolves in water Insoluble Fiber = Adds bulk to stool Functional Fiber = Derived from plant or synthetic sources Dietary Fiber = Found in whole plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is activated by enteropeptidase?

    <p>Trypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fiber can be broken down and absorbed by human digestive enzymes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fuel source for the central nervous system?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ are formed when starch is digested in the digestive tract.

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match carbohydrates with their types:

    <p>Glucose = Monosaccharide Sucrose = Disaccharide Starch = Polysaccharide Fiber = Complex carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrate provides the most calories per gram?

    <p>Fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactose intolerance is caused by an excess of lactase enzyme.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of macronutrients that provide energy?

    <p>Carbohydrates and fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ refers to how quickly blood glucose levels rise after consuming carbohydrates.

    <p>Glycemic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is associated with which health issue?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Obesity Statistics

    • Obesity is increasing in the US and globally, rising from 15% (1976-80) to 33% of US adults now.
    • Obesity is linked to a range of serious health issues, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver disease, and several other disorders.
    • It's a major cause of death worldwide and is correlated with an increased risk of death.

    Obesity as a Disorder

    • Obesity is a disorder of body fat, characterized by excess body fat relative to lean tissue.
    • It is commonly diagnosed using BMI (body mass index).
    • BMI measures body weight relative to height (kg/m2).
    • Values above 30 indicate obesity, while values above 27 indicate overweight.
    • BMI is not a perfect measure as it doesn't account for muscle mass or other body compostion factors; it is a convenient tool

    Demographics of Obesity

    • Obesity prevalence is higher in lower socio-economic groups in Western, developed countries compared to poorer populations in the same areas.
    • Historically and iconically, obesity has been associated with wealthier populations, but this pattern has increasingly reversed.
    • Minority groups in the US exhibit high rates of obesity.
    • Prevalence is significantly increasing in young people in developing countries (including parts of Asia, South America, urban Africa, and Central Europe).
    • Obesity is strongly linked with a variety of serious health issues, including several types of cancer, high blood pressure, and sleep/breathing disorders.
    • Other disorders, such as diabetes mellitus (type 2), gallbladder disease, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease (including stroke and liver disease), reproductive dysfunction, PCOS, and depression, are associated with obesity.
    • Certain cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, can also be linked to obesity.

    Historical Nutritional Interventions

    • Pellagra: Fortified niacin in bread effectively ended the epidemic.
    • Rickets: Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced the prevalence.
    • Iodine deficiency: Iodine in salt, and supplementation eradicated cretinism;
    • Beriberi: Thiamine deficiency (from polished rice) was addressed by food fortification and supplementation.
    • Scurvy: Vitamin C supplementation prevented severe scurvy,
    • Anemia: Iron and folic acid administration reduced high prevalence in healthy women of child-bearing age.
    • Pernicious anemia: Monthly vitamin B12 shots effectively treated this condition.

    Other Digestive Functions

    • The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) functions as a gatekeeper for nutrients absorbed by the body.
    • It also acts as a barrier for immune defence, handling fluid and electrolytes.
    • Bioactive peptides, including hormones and neurotransmitters, are synthesized and secreted or produced.
    • Nutrient sensing plays a critical role in the process.

    Digestive Phases

    • Cephalic phase: preparing for food intake through smell, sight, taste, or thought.
    • Gastric phase: food entering the stomach.
    • Intestinal phase: stomach contents entering the small intestine.

    Food Energy

    • Food contains macronutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins.
    • Carbohydrates and protein provide approximate 4kcal per gram.
    • Fats provide approximately 9kcals per gram.
    • The macronutrient composition varies by food type.

    ###Whole Grains vs Refined Grains

    • Whole grains contain all the nutrients from the grain while refined grains lack essential nutritive components removed during processing.
    • Refinement leads to removal of vitamins, minerals, etc.

    Macronutrients (General)

    • Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the nervous system.
    • High fructose corn syrup is associated with increased obesity rates despite not storing fat.

    Types of Carbohydrates

    • Simple carbohydrates: include single sugar units (monosaccharides, ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose) and double sugar units (disaccharides, ex. sucrose, lactose, and maltose).
    • Complex carbohydrates: include polysaccharides (ex. glycogen, starch, and fiber).

    Glucose and Glycogen

    • Glucose is the primary circulating sugar serving as a constant fuel source.
    • Glycogen is a storage form of glucose primarily located in the liver and muscles that can be broken down later as needed.
    • There are two chemical reactions that can build or break down sugar molecules - hydrolysis and dehydration.

    Dietary Fiber

    • Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that cannot be digested by the human body
    • Soluble fiber : Legumes, prunes, apricots, raisins, oranges, bananas, oats, apples, eggplant, flaxseed
    • Insoluble fiber: wheat bran, whole-wheat bread, broccoli, corn, eggplant, apple skins, nuts and seeds
    • Fiber functions as a bulk element and can support digestive processes or help with absorption.

    Protein

    • Proteins are essential building blocks for many bodily functions as well as serving as an energy source to the body.
    • Consists of amino acids.
    • Essential amino acids must be ingested through the daily diet.
    • Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body and therefore don't need to be consumed.
    • Proteins have different shapes, and shape determines function.
    • Proteins help form tissue and have functions such as transporting substances throughout the body and assisting in hormone regulation.

    Insulin Resistance

    • Type 1 diabetes: a condition where the body does not produce insulin.
    • Type 2 diabetes: an insulin resistant condition whereby the body does not properly utilize insulin.
    • Gestational diabetes: a condition occurring during pregnancy that typically resolves after birth.

    Cardiovascular Disease (General)

    • Dietary cholesterol has a modest effect on blood cholesterol levels compared to other risk factors.
    • Fat must be packaged in lipoproteins for use within the body.
    • The different lipoproteins have different functions such as delivering fat to different parts of the body.
    • Different lipoprotein quantities are associated with different degrees of risk.

    Glycosylation

    • High blood glucose can correlate with the process of glycosylation, meaning glucose is attached to proteins,
    • This glycosylation can impair proper protein function and can result in complications.

    Other topics covered

    • Obesity and induced obesity.
    • High carbohydrate diets.
    • Weight loss effects of interventions.
    • Body composition: Fat and fat distribution.
    • General overview on the digestive and cardio-vascular systems.

    ###Other relevant concepts

    • Implications of dynamic energy balance.
    • Health considerations in regards to fitness and obesity.
    • Practical aspects for treatment (e.g. medications, incretin effect and weight loss.)
    • Diseases associated with excess weight.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the increasing prevalence of obesity in the US and globally, highlighting its serious health implications. It covers the definition of obesity as a disorder, the use of BMI for diagnosis, and the demographic factors influencing obesity rates. Test your knowledge on this critical public health issue.

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