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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of brown fat cells?
What is the primary function of brown fat cells?
What percentage of body mass in babies is made up of brown fat cells?
What percentage of body mass in babies is made up of brown fat cells?
Which of the following is NOT a function of white fat cells?
Which of the following is NOT a function of white fat cells?
What happens when a person is in a positive energy balance?
What happens when a person is in a positive energy balance?
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How much of an average weight woman is composed of white fat cells?
How much of an average weight woman is composed of white fat cells?
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What method is most frequently used to measure obesity?
What method is most frequently used to measure obesity?
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What percentage of an average weight man is composed of white fat cells?
What percentage of an average weight man is composed of white fat cells?
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Which of the following hormones is produced by white fat cells?
Which of the following hormones is produced by white fat cells?
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What BMI value is considered as the threshold for obesity in adults?
What BMI value is considered as the threshold for obesity in adults?
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In which year did the reported rate of U.S. adults with a BMI of 30 or more first reach 20%?
In which year did the reported rate of U.S. adults with a BMI of 30 or more first reach 20%?
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Which of the following years showed the first significant rise in obesity rates among U.S. adults, reaching 19%?
Which of the following years showed the first significant rise in obesity rates among U.S. adults, reaching 19%?
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What was the obesity percentage among U.S. adults in 2003?
What was the obesity percentage among U.S. adults in 2003?
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Which year observed an obesity rate above 25% for U.S. adults?
Which year observed an obesity rate above 25% for U.S. adults?
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How many years did it take for the obesity percentage to rise from 10% to 20% in U.S. adults as observed from the data?
How many years did it take for the obesity percentage to rise from 10% to 20% in U.S. adults as observed from the data?
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In which year was no data reported for obesity trends following the standards mentioned?
In which year was no data reported for obesity trends following the standards mentioned?
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What percentage of U.S. adults were classified in the 15%-19% obesity range in 1995?
What percentage of U.S. adults were classified in the 15%-19% obesity range in 1995?
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What is the formula for calculating BMI?
What is the formula for calculating BMI?
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Which BMI range is considered to be in the normal range?
Which BMI range is considered to be in the normal range?
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What is a major limitation of using BMI as a measurement of health?
What is a major limitation of using BMI as a measurement of health?
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Which method is suggested as an alternative to BMI for measuring health risks associated with body fat?
Which method is suggested as an alternative to BMI for measuring health risks associated with body fat?
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What percentage of the population does telephone surveys typically underestimate regarding obesity?
What percentage of the population does telephone surveys typically underestimate regarding obesity?
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What is the BMI range associated with severe obesity?
What is the BMI range associated with severe obesity?
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What does the bioelectrical impedance method estimate?
What does the bioelectrical impedance method estimate?
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What does a BMI above 30 indicate?
What does a BMI above 30 indicate?
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What is not a factor that influences BMI measurements?
What is not a factor that influences BMI measurements?
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Which BMI category is characterized as underweight?
Which BMI category is characterized as underweight?
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What is the main consequence of poorly managed Type II diabetes?
What is the main consequence of poorly managed Type II diabetes?
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Which group is reported to have a higher prevalence of Type II diabetes in the US?
Which group is reported to have a higher prevalence of Type II diabetes in the US?
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What percentage of bowel cancers can be attributed to obesity?
What percentage of bowel cancers can be attributed to obesity?
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In which area do the healthcare costs of obesity exceed $10 billion annually?
In which area do the healthcare costs of obesity exceed $10 billion annually?
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What role does fat around the stomach play in Type II diabetes?
What role does fat around the stomach play in Type II diabetes?
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What lifestyle change is suggested to improve diabetes management?
What lifestyle change is suggested to improve diabetes management?
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Obesity increases the risk of which condition the most?
Obesity increases the risk of which condition the most?
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What is the estimated rise in direct healthcare costs for the obese in the US from 1995 to 2012?
What is the estimated rise in direct healthcare costs for the obese in the US from 1995 to 2012?
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Which psychological effect is more prevalent among obese individuals?
Which psychological effect is more prevalent among obese individuals?
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How much more likely are obese individuals to die from cancer compared to those of normal weight?
How much more likely are obese individuals to die from cancer compared to those of normal weight?
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Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the increased risk of a heart attack in obese individuals?
Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the increased risk of a heart attack in obese individuals?
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What common condition among obese individuals affects pregnancy outcomes?
What common condition among obese individuals affects pregnancy outcomes?
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What misconception might people have about the psychosocial effects of obesity on children?
What misconception might people have about the psychosocial effects of obesity on children?
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What causes insulin resistance in obese individuals?
What causes insulin resistance in obese individuals?
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Study Notes
Obesity I: Introduction
- Aim of the lecture:
- Define obesity.
- Explain how obesity is measured.
- Describe prevalence in different populations (US, worldwide, Australia, NSW).
- Examine the relationship between obesity and ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status.
- Analyze the medical and financial impact of obesity on individuals and society.
What is Obesity?
- Body utilizes fat cells for long-term energy storage.
- Two types of fat cells:
- Brown fat cells (BAT): Generate heat, located beside spinal column.
- White fat cells: Insulate body, cushions organs, stores energy long-term. Each white fat cell is 85% fat stored in a vacuole.
White Fat Cells
- Multiple functions: insulation, cushioning, energy storage.
- White fat cells are distributed differently in men and women (men - waist, women - hips/thighs).
- Amount of fat is a measure of energy storage.
- Important endocrine functions:
- Leptin
- Resistin
- Fasting-inducing Adipose Factor (akin to Leptin)
Measurement of Obesity
- Estimate body fat percentage to measure obesity.
- Body Mass Index (BMI) is a common measure.
- Calculate BMI by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters.
- Example: 85 kg / (1.79 m x 1.79 m) = 26.6 BMI.
BMI for Adults
- BMI categories: underweight, normal, overweight, obese (moderate, severe, very severe).
- The WHO classification scheme defines BMI ranges.
Pros and Cons of BMI
- Pros:
- Easy to use.
- Can be measured remotely.
- Accurate.
- Correlates with adiposity.
- Cons:
- Ignores fat distribution.
- Ignores muscle mass.
- Influenced by age and/or trunk-to-leg length.
Other Measures
- Skin fold thickness (calipers): Measures subcutaneous fat, not general adiposity.
- Waist circumference: Estimates risk for diseases.
- Bioelectrical impedance: Measures body fat by measuring resistance to electrical flow.
- Other measures: Ultrasound (e.g., metabolic rate) and chemical analyses.
Prevalence
- Consensus that an obesity epidemic is underway, affecting men and women similarly.
- Commonly used measure is BMI.
- Data largely sourced from surveys (e.g., US, Worldwide, Australia, and NSW).
Prevalence Data in the USA
- CDC (Center for Disease Control) data on body weight from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).
- Data shows a rise in obesity prevalence over time (1990-2006).
- Studies show systematic underestimation of obesity/overweight levels in telephone surveys. Other data sources (e.g., NHANES) support similar results.
Obesity Trends Across US Adults (BRFSS data by year)
- Map data showing prevalence percentages of obesity by state across the US for multiple years.
SES, Age, Ethnicity & Obesity in the US
- Obesity prevalence varies significantly across socioeconomic backgrounds, ages, and ethnicities.
Child and Adolescent Obesity in the US
- Data showing a rise in obesity rates for children in the US.
Overweight & Obesity in the OECD
- Graph displaying past and projected rates of overweight/obesity in OECD countries.
Obesity Around the World (2016)
- Map data showing prevalence of obesity/overweight globally.
Obesity in Australia
- Prevalence of overweight/obesity for Australian adults.
Childhood Obesity and Overweight in Australia
- Prevalence of obesity/overweight across different age groups in Australia.
Adult Overweight and Obesity – NSW
- Map data showing prevalence of overweight and obesity across different regions of NSW.
Health Care Costs
- Australia: Direct health costs from obesity ~$10.7 billion annually.
- US: Direct health care costs for the obese rose significantly from 1995 to 2012.
- Obesity costs are increasing.
Medical Consequences
- Diabetes: Type 1 (not obesity related); Type 2 (directly related); obesity significantly increases risk.
- Health effects due to poorly managed Type 2 diabetes (e.g., microvascular disease, macrovascular disease).
- Other medical conditions: e.g., osteoarthritis, sleep apnoea, impotence.
Cancer
- Obese people are more likely to die from cancer.
- For some cancers, a high proportion of cases can be attributed to obesity(e.g., bowel, breast, endometrial, oesophageal, and kidney).
- Cancer detection and treatment more difficult for obese individuals.
Psychosocial Effects
- Obesity can negatively impact children and young adults, affecting their social perceptions, educational outcomes and career prospects.
Summary
- Obesity is widespread and has been increasing for the past 50 years, particularly in developed nations.
- Obesities are linked to higher medical costs and significant health problems.
- Lifestyle change can have a significant impact on health outcomes, both positively and negatively.
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Description
This quiz covers the basic concepts of obesity, including its definition, measurement, and prevalence in various populations. It also explores the relationship between obesity and factors such as ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status, as well as its medical and financial impacts.
